MUST Repository :: Browsing by Author "Katambara, Zacharia"

Browsing by Author "Katambara, Zacharia"

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A Fuzzy Inference System for Modelling Streamflow: Case of Letaba River, South Africa.
(Elsevier, 2008-07-10) Katambara, Zacharia; Ndiritu, John
Stream flow modeling of Letaba River in South Africa is complicated by several factors including the existence of dams and other storage structures whose releases are intermittent and based on rules of thumb depending on the irrigation demands and the need to maintain the flow required in the Kruger National park (KNP). The KNP is located about a hundred kilometers downstream of the main storage and water flows through an alluvial aquifer where complex surface–groundwater interactions occur. Farmers abstract water intermittently along the route directly from the river or indirectly from the alluvial aquifer complicating the flow patterns even more. Consequently, the stream flow series in the river shows very little similarity to what would be considered as natural. The actual abstractions are not measured and only monthly estimates of the abstractions currently exist. Like in many other basins in South Africa, stream flow, groundwater level, rainfall and evaporation data in Letaba is sparse and not very reliable. The Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy inference system using subtractive clustering, an approach which is capable of dealing with vague and inadequate information and data has therefore been used to develop a daily stream flow model for Letaba River. In order to take into account the spatial variability and to maximize the use of the available data, the model is applied in a semi-distributed manner consisting of three river reaches. The shuffled complex evolution (SCE-UA) optimizer has been used to calibrate the model. Six years of data from March 2002 to April 2008 has been used for model calibration and verification. To maximize the Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency, the minimum number of clusters required was found to be 10 for 1000 data points in calibration. An analysis of the location of the cluster centers, the coefficients relating the inputs with the simulated stream flow, and the degrees of membership indicates that no single cluster can be associated to the simulation of a specific hydrologic process or component of the stream flow hydrograph (e.g. high flows or low flows). The fuzzy model does not therefore provide any evidence that it is not a pure black box. The Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency results obtained in calibration and verification showed average values of 0.658 and 0.535 with poor values on the first river reach. Very low percent bias values averaging to _0.4% and _2.7% in calibration and verification are obtained highlighting the model’s potential for applications where mass balance considerations are most important.
Application of the RUSLE model to estimate sedimentation in the Lwanyo Reservoir in Mbarali District Mbeya – Tanzania
(IWA, 2025-02-17) Moshi, Baraka Moses; Katambara, Zacharia; Lingwanda, Mwajuma
The constant increase in the global population is proportional to the increase in basic human needs associated with environ mental degradation. Sedimentation in water bodies poses socio-economic challenges as it lessens the storage capacities. The RUSLE model expresses the effect of sedimentation in the Lwanyo reservoir sub-catchment. Key factors influencing sedimentation include: maximum erosivity factor (R) is 421.39 (MJ mm ha 1 h 1 yr), the soil erodibility factor (K) is 0.071, the topographic factor (LS) due to catchment topography is 9.086, the vegetation cover and management factor (C) is 0.1045, and the conservation practice factor (P) is 0.14. The RUSLE model estimates soil sediment loss to be 3.977 tonnes/ha/year, as the average annual soil loss for the Lwanyo sub-catchment area is 39.6 km2 . This value indicates that for every hectare, the average annual soil loss is 1.004 10 3 tonnes/year, with silt as the dominant soil sediment being eroded. If no intervention measures are implemented, the sediment load could reach 119.31 tonnes over 30 years, reducing the reservoir’s storage capacity by 68.177 m3 . Reducing human activity in the catchment and promoting afforestation to mitigate sedimentation can help increase soil stability and reduce erosion.
Assessment of Spatial Water Quality Variations in Shallow Wells Using Principal Component Analysis in Half London Ward, Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2025-02-21) Matungwa, William; Katambara, Zacharia
Groundwater is a crucial water source for urban areas in Africa, particularly where surface water is insufficient to meet demand. This study analyses the water quality of five shallow wells (WW1-WW5) in Half-London Ward, Tun duma Town, Tanzania, using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to iden tify the primary factors influencing groundwater contamination. Monthly samples were collected over 12 months and analysed for physical, chemical, and biological parameters. The PCA revealed between four and six principal components (PCs) for each well, explaining between 84.61% and 92.55% of the total variance in water quality data. In WW1, five PCs captured 87.53% of the variability, with PC1 (33.05%) dominated by pH, EC, TDS, and microbial contamination, suggesting significant influences from surface runoff and pit latrines. In WW2, six PCs explained 92.55% of the variance, with PC1 (36.17%) highlighting the effects of salinity, TDS, and agricultural runoff. WW3 had four PCs explaining 84.61% of the variance, with PC1 (39.63%) showing high contributions from pH, hardness, and salinity, indicating geological influences and contamination from human activities. Similarly, in WW4, six PCs ex plained 90.83% of the variance, where PC1 (43.53%) revealed contamination from pit latrines and fertilizers. WW5 also had six PCs, accounting for 92.51% of the variance, with PC1 (42.73%) indicating significant contamination from agricultural runoff and pit latrines. The study concludes that groundwater quality in Half-London Ward is primarily affected by a combination of surface runoff, pit latrine contamination, agricultural inputs, and geological factors. The presence of microbial contaminants and elevated nitrate and phosphate
Assessment of Temporal Variations in Shallow Well Water Quality Using Graphical Analysis and Water Quality Index in Half-London Ward, Tunduma, Tanzania
(Mbeya University of Sience and Technology, 2025-03-01) William, Matungwa; Katambara, Zacharia
Shallow wells are vital for water supply in regions lacking centralised systems, but they are highly susceptible to contamination from anthropogenic activities and natural processes. This study investigated seasonal variations in water quality from five shallow wells in Half London Ward, Tunduma, Tanzania, over a 12-month period to assess biological, chemical, and physical parameters, to identify contamination drivers, and to propose sustainable management solutions. Using WHO and EPA guidelines, monthly water sampling was conducted for 12 months from June 2022 to May 2023. Parameters analysed included Faecal and Total Coliforms, Nitrate, Phosphate, Total Iron, Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Total Suspended Solids (TSS). The National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index (NSFWQI) was employed to classify seasonal variations in water quality. Results revealed significant seasonal trends. Microbial contamination peaked during the rainy season, with shallow well WW3 and WW5 recording faecal coliform levels of 5 CFU/100 ml and total coliforms of 18 CFU/100 ml, exceeding WHO and East African Standards. Phosphate levels in shallow well WW4 and WW5 exceeded the threshold of 2.2 mg/l, attributed to agricultural runoff. Elevated iron concentrations (1.85 mg/l) in WW4 reflected natural geological leaching. BOD and turbidity increased during wet periods due to organic pollutants and sediment influx, while physical parameters such as pH and TDS remained within permissible limits. The NSFWQI ranged from "Excellent" (18.6) in shallow well WW5 during winter to "Medium" (65.4) in shallow well WW3 during summer, highlighting contamination risks from surface runoff and poor land management. The study concludes that rainfall and proximity to pollution sources significantly impact shallow well water quality. It recommends implementing community-driven sanitation measures, protecting shallow wells, and conducting routine monitoring. These findings provide a framework for improving groundwater quality for domestic use in urbanising regions globally.
Characteristics of Rice Produced Under Direct and Indirect SRI Practices in Chimala Area in Mbarali District Tanzania.
(Infinite, 2016) Katambara, Zacharia; Mng’ong’o, Marco; Chambi, Consolatha; Malley, Zacharia
The current status of rice production in Chimala Area in Mbarali is dominated by conventional rice growing practices with limited adoption of the system of rice intensification (SRI), which has been reported of having more advantages. This study evaluated the characteristic of rice produced under SRI and conventional practices in Chimala Area in Mbarali District of Mbeya Region in Tanzania. The evaluation considered the farm management practices, rice yields and the characteristic of the rice grains. The unlevelled characteristics of the farms and the variation of the soil influence the rice yields and the quality of the grains. The transplanting age of the seedling was within the age limit preferred when SRI practices are implemented and the limited water availability for conventional rice growing practice necessitated the intermittent wetting and drying of the rice fields which is preferred for SRI practices. The application of agrochemicals such herbicides limit the aeration of the root system and the development of a healthy roots system. Bird scaring is among the activities which increased the production cost of rice grown under SRI practices. Rice yields under SRI practices where more than 16ton/ha against less than 8ton/ha for conventional rice growing practices. The rice grains grown under SRI practices was observed to be suitable for seeds. With regard to milling, conventionally grown rice produced more good rice (69%) SRI (51%) grown. However, the large percentage of husks (24%) likely suggest that rice grains produced under SRI are more protected and further provide evidence as a good rice seed producing practice. The quality of cooked rice indicate that rice produced under SRI practices has higher aroma and fragrance when compared to that produced under conventional practices. Further studies should consider the effect of the number of seedling per hill, application of herbicide instead of applying push weeder and the suitability of using by-product, rice husks as a source of energy.
Characterizing Hydrological-Sensitive Areas of The Kinyerezi River SubCatchments in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania Using The Topographic Index Approach.
(IWA Publishing, 2023) Swilla, Livingstone; Katambara, Zacharia; Lingwandaa, Mwajuma
Several areas experience frequent floods due to anthropogenic activities. Among them, is the Dar es Salaam city, which experiences frequent floods along the Msimbazi River, whose flows originate from different tributaries including the Kinyerezi River. This study aims to evaluate the hydrological-sensitive areas of the Kinyerezi River sub-catchments using topographic index values (λ*) that enable the identification of areas with a higher probability of generating surface runoff. A digital elevation model was utilized to delineate the Kinyerezi River sub-catchment characteristics using ArcGIS 10.4. Soil infiltration rates (Ks) on selected open places were determined using a Guelph permeameter. Soil particle size distributions were analyzed and the λ* values were evaluated. The results showed the particle size distribution contains sand and silt-clay ranging from 46 to 84% and 16 to 53%, respectively. The Ks ranged from 0.6 to 7.8 mm/h while the sub-catchment KS3 scored the highest λ* value of about 10.7. Hence, there is a higher probability for generating surface runoff. Sub-catchment KS16 scored the smallest λ* value of 5.7, perceived to generate less surface runoff. Low-impact development practices capable of capturing runoff and enabling infiltration, evaporation, and detention should be employed in sub-catchments with higher λ* values.
Determinants of Students’ Performance in Electrical and Electronics Engineering at Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Tanzania
(G-Card, 2025) Katambara, Zacharia
The Electrical and Electronics Engineering Program Requires a Balance Between Theoretical Knowledge and Practical Application, Making Students’ Performance Optimization Essential in Meeting Industry Demands. this Study Utilized Descriptive Statistics, Pearson Correlation Analysis, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) to Evaluate Academic Performance in the EEE Program at Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST). by Examining 16 Core Courses, the Study Identified Key Determinants of Students’ Success, Course Interdependencies and Areas for Curriculum Enhancement. Descriptive Statistics Revealed Significant Variability in Performance, with EE 8401 (Industrial Practical Training 3) Recording the Highest Mean (79.98) and EE 8402 (Phase AC Synchronous Machines) the Lowest (48.11), Highlighting Disparities in Instructional Effectiveness. Pearson Correlation Analysis Shows Strong Correlations Among Theoretically Aligned Courses, Moderate Correlations Among Related Subjects, and Weak or Negative Correlations in Distinct Learning Domains, Emphasizing the Need for Targeted Interventions and Curriculum Adjustments. PCA Findings Confirmed that Three Principal Components Explained 58.85% of the Variance, Representing Theoretical Foundations, Applied Project-Based Learning and Specialized Hands-on Training. Scree Plot and Eigenvalue Analysis Validated Dimensionality Reduction, Enhancing Data Interpretation. Principal Component Loadings Highlight Academic Constructs, With PC1 Reflecting Analytical Competencies, PC2 Capturing Project-Based Courses and PC3 Representing Specialized Training. This Study Recommends Aligning Theoretical Courses with Standardized Assessments, Integrating Industry Collaborations in Project-Based Learning and Refining Assessment Models for Specialized Training. Future Research should Explore Longitudinal Trends in Principal Components, External Influences on High-Uniqueness Courses and Students’ Feedback Integration. by Implementing Data-Driven Strategies, Institutions can Refine Engineering Curricula, Bridge Performance Gaps and Enhance Student Success Outcomes.
Does the System of Rice Intensification a Panacea to Smallholder Rice Farmers? a Case of Mkindo Village Irrigation Scheme in Tanzania.
(ResearchGate, 2021-01) Mwidege, Asheri; Katambara, Zacharia
Rice production represents a way of life of the livelihood of majority of smallholder rice farmers constrained with inadequate water for irrigation. However, little information was available on the production pattern of rice for SRI and non-SRI participants. This study investigated whether the SRI practice is a panacea to smallholder farmers of rice at Mkindo village irrigation scheme. Experimental research design and expert sampling plan was employed in which structured interview schedule was used to collect cross sectional data of 100 SRI and non-SRI participants. Descriptive statistics information was obtained using SPSS package. Surveyed findings showed that SRI and non-SRI participants harvested 0.75 to 13.75 tons per ha and 0.5 to 8.0 tons per ha, respectively. It was therefore concluded that SRI technology in rice production is a panacea to smallholder farmers as it leads to high yield. The study recommends on the adopt SRI technology by non-SRI participants to maximize their earnings.
Estimation of Extreme Flows in Nkana River to Verify the Adequacy of Naming’ongo Bridge Waterway.
(Scientific Research, 2013-02-05) Katambara, Zacharia; Msambichaka, Joseph J.; Mkisi, Joseph
The response by the government of Tanzania to food security and poverty alleviation in the Naming’ongo area in Mbozi District has been to develop Naming’ongo irrigation scheme as well as construct a bridge across River Nkana to connect the farms and other parts of the district to facilitate a reliable transportation of the produce to the market. The Australian Water Balance Model was calibrated by using 10 years data from a nearby sub-catchment of Mbarali. The Naming’ongo Sub-catchment was delineated form a 30 m digital elevation model. The observed rainfall was obtained from Mbozi Meteorological station. The study approximated the peak flows in River Nkana for a return period of 50 years to be slight above 560 m3 /s. This was considered to be adequate for the proposed structure. The study recommends that when undertaking human activities such as deforestation and cultivation an account for soil and environmental conservation should be considered. While it is necessary to establish a monitoring system within the catchment, the designs of future hydraulic structures should incorporate stream flow measuring facilities.
Evaluating the Hydraulic Performance and Sustainability of the Simike–Nzovwe Roadside Drainage System in Mbeya City, Tanzania, Using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s River Analysis System Modeling
(ACCSCIENCE PUBLISHING, 2025-07-21) Mohamed, Abdul; Katambara, Zacharia
This study addresses the hydraulic inefficiencies and maintenance challenges associated with the roadside drainage system along a 1.85 km stretch of the TANZAM Highway between Simike and the Nzovwe River, which includes five circular culverts. The objective was to evaluate the system’s hydraulic performance under rainfall events using the Hydrologic Engineering Centre’s River Analysis System (HEC-RAS) one-dimensional hydraulic model. Specifically, the study focused on analyzing flow regimes, specific energy transitions, and sediment transport dynamics to identify critical points of inefficiency. The methodology involved simulating steady flow conditions, assessing the influence of channel and culvert geometry, and performing a sensitivity analysis on key hydraulic parameters, including Manning’s roughness coefficient, channel slope, and culvert dimensions. The model results revealed that subcritical flow conditions (Froude number, Fr 1) pose erosion risks. Pronounced hydraulic jumps were observed near culvert outlets, resulting in significant turbulence, abrupt energy dissipation, and localized erosion. Flow velocities decreased sharply from over 7 m/s to below 1 m/s across these transition zones. This study provides an integrated evaluation of hydraulic and sediment transport interactions in a real-world drainage system using HEC-RAS, supported by targeted design optimization strategies. Key recommendations include modifying side slope geometry, increasing longitudinal gradients, and enlarging culvert dimensions to enhance flow capacity and reduce sediment deposition. In addition, the application of riprap in high-velocity zones, vegetative lining in low velocity areas, and the inclusion of sediment traps are proposed to control erosion and minimize maintenance.
Evaluation of Hydropower Potential of Kapologwe Waterfalls for Rural Electrification in Rungwe District, Mbeya Region Tanzania.
(MJRD, 2024-12-05) Mgina, Charles J.; Katambara, Zacharia
Hydropower remains one of the most significant renewable energy sources, accounting for a substantial proportion of global electricity production. In Tanzania, where electricity access is limited, particularly in rural areas, untapped hydropower resources could play a critical role in meeting local energy needs. This study investigates the hydropower potential of the Kapologwe Waterfalls on the Kala River, located in Rungwe District, Mbeya Region. Key factors influencing hydropower generation, including hydraulic head, flow rate, and turbine efficiency, were analyzed using land survey techniques and hydrological modeling. The hydraulic head was measured at 605.15 meters, and flow rates were calculated based on field data, with a design flow of 1.542 m³/s. A Pelton turbine, known for its high efficiency under high-head, low-flow conditions, was selected for the site. The estimated power potential is 7.238 MW, suggesting that the Kapologwe Waterfalls could significantly contribute to localized electrification and reduce reliance on Tanzania’s national grid. This research highlights the feasibility of small-scale hydropower projects in rural Tanzania and their potential to alleviate energy poverty.
Integrated Agricultural Landscape Management: Case Study on Inclusive Innovation Processes, Monitoring and Evaluation in The Mbeya Region, Tanzania.
(SAGE, 2017-06-08) Malley, Zacharia J.; Hart, Abigail; Buck, Louise; Mwambene, Pius L.; Katambara, Zacharia; Mng’ong’o, Marco; Chambi, Consolatha
Integrated landscape management is a process for achieving multiple objectives related to agricultural production, ecosystem conservation, and sustainable natural resource management. These multiple livelihood functions are important features of an agricultural landscape in Mbeya, Tanzania. Due to environmental damage caused by agricultural expansion and charcoal burning, a process called integrated agricultural landscape management (IALM) was implemented to address this problem. This encompassed the identification and involvement of a range of key landscape actors and processes like awareness creation and joint problem analysis, solution framing, learning, planning and implementation of actions, and monitoring and evaluation. A multistakeholder innovation platform was formed for creating a coordination mechanism, common understanding, vision and goals, and networking. Fifty IALM ideas were identified and six selected by the stakeholders. Outcomes of using the IALM process included policy recommendations, joint learning, and innovative actions and were codeveloped, implemented, monitored, and evaluated with the local communities.
Multivariate Analysis of Evaporation Drivers in Mbeya, Tanzania, Using Principal Component Analysis
(ACCSCIENCE PUBLISHING, 2025-08-08) Katambara, Zacharia
Evaporation is a vital process in the hydrological cycle, accounting for approximately 70% of water loss from the Earth’s surface. In semi-arid and rapidly urbanizing regions, such as Mbeya, Tanzania, understanding the meteorological drivers of evaporation is critical for water resource management and agricultural planning. This study utilized principal component analysis (PCA) on a 10-year dataset comprising solar radiation, sunshine hours, minimum and maximum temperatures, and wind speed to identify key factors influencing evaporation. Descriptive statistics revealed significant non-normality in most variables, particularly radiation and wind speed. At the same time, correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between sunshine hours and radiation (r = 0.66) and a moderate negative correlation between radiation and minimum temperature (r = −0.30). PCA identified two principal components accounting for 66.61% of the total variance. Component 1 (38.06%) captured solar-driven variability, dominated by sunshine duration and radiation, whereas Component 2 (28.55%) reflected thermal influences, particularly maximum and minimum temperatures. Wind speed contributed minimally, suggesting a more localized or less consistent role in evaporation dynamics. These findings demonstrate the value of PCA in simplifying complex climatic datasets and improving the interpretation of evaporation processes. Solar radiation and sunshine hours emerged as the dominant drivers, with temperature as a secondary influence. The results emphasize the need to integrate surface-level variables, such as land use, vegetation cover, and soil moisture, in future studies to capture spatial heterogeneity and improve predictive accuracy, especially in data-scarce, climate-sensitive regions like Mbeya.
Performance evaluation of rainwater harvesting system and strategy for dry season challenge
(IWA Publisher, 2016) Mwamila, Tulinave Burton; Han, Moo Young; Ndomba, Preksedis Marco; Katambara, Zacharia
The extensive application of rainwater harvesting (RWH) projects is inhibited by the challenge posed by the dry seasons. In a case study of Mnyundo Primary School, Tanzania, the performance of the RWH system was eval- uated using a daily water balance model. The methodology is based on defined dry season parameters – no water days (NWDs), rainwater usage ratio (RUR), and water level in local water storages; while the system oper- ational methods involve users adopting either fixed (constant) demand or variable demand (demand varying with respect to available water in the storage tank), throughout the system utilization. Additionally, the cost of instal- ling an RWH system to achieve a substantial reduction of NWDs to zero was calculated. It was established that the existing system cannot achieve zero NWDs under consideration of both operational methods. However, the greater the number of tanks, the lower the NWD, and in the variable demand operational method, better RUR was achieved. For mitigating water shortages in the dry season, the school should adopt RWH in two buildings under the demand scenario (300 demand 900 L/d, for the respective water levels in the storage tanks), yielding 58% RUR. The performance of the system can be improved by monitoring water levels and adhering to demand guide- lines. These are useful strategies for practitioners in water supply.
Positioning Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Tanzania in the Systems of Innovation Perspective.
(Scienetific Research, 2013-10-06) Katambara, Zacharia
The chronological development of universities ranges from the state at which universities are considered to be knowledge accumulators followed by knowledge factories and finally the knowledge hubs. The various national systems of innovations are aligned with the knowledge hubs and it involves a substantial amount of research activities. The newly established Mbeya University of Science and Technology is recognized as a knowledge hub in some particular niches. However, there are a limited number of research activities conducted at the university and this study is an attempt to identify the reasons that limit research activities. Well-structured research questionnaires were designed and distributed to academic staff members and thereafter the respondents were analyzed by using SPSS software package. The lack of knowledge, skills and funds as well as equipment was earmarked as the reason that hindered the research activities. Therefore, resources are required to improve the capabilities of the staff members and the study recommends on the need for deliberate efforts to improve the knowledge of the staff members with respect to research activities.
Quantifying Rooftop Rainwater Harvest Potential: Case of Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Mbeya Tanzania
(Mbeya University of Science and Technology Journal of Research and Development (MJRD), 2013-07-21) Katambara, Zacharia
The advantages that the rooftop rainwater harvesting system has as a source of water supply have been examined. The observed daily rainfall records of 10 years and the current total roof area of the facilities at Mbeya University of Science and Technology as the catchment area were used. Using a water balance model to determine the suitable water use that will cover 100% of the time, the model indicated that for the current roof area a water supply of 120 lts per day can be met when a storage tank whose capacity is 13.5 m3 is installed. When values higher than 120 l/day are simulated, a tank of higher capacity is required to meet the water demand. The study recommends on the necessity of installing rooftop rainwater harvesting system so as to increase the water supply reliability and reduction of cost. The selection of a suitable storage tank capacity should take into consideration the future development plans so as to reduce the construction cost of new storage tank.
Quantifying Suitable Low-Impact Development Practices in Mitigating Runoff Floods for the Kinyerezi River Catchment in Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
(IWA Publishing, 2024) Swilla, Livingstone; Katambara, Zacharia; Lingwandaa, Mwajuma
As cities expand, changes in land use increase the runoff quantities. Impermeable catchment areas contribute to peak flows, causing floods in insufficiently capacity river reaches. The rate of urbanization witnessed in the Kinyerezi River catchment in Dar es Salaam has contributed to floods in the Msimbazi River. The low-impact development (LID) practices that include bioreten tion (BR) ponds, rain barrels (RBs), rain gardens (RGs), vegetative swales (VSs), constructed wetlands (CWs), etc., can be utilized to mitigate a portion of the surface runoff. This study aims to quantify the suitable LID practices for the Kinyerezi River catch ment in mitigating a portion of runoff floods. The sub-catchment physical characteristics and soil infiltration rates (Ks) were matched with each LID sitting requirements and later by multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). The results on matching sub-catchment characteristics and LID sitting requirements indicated that BRs, RBs, VSs, RGs, and CWs were the preferable LIDs while MCDM analysis indicated the BRs, RGs, and RBs more appropriate. The BRs, RGs, and RBs were quantified to be 101, 3,698, and 3,698, respectively, within the catchment. BRs are recommended for catchment use while RBs and RGs are recommended for residential buildings. The RBs have the advantage of promoting water-demanding economic activities.
Strategy to Overcome Barriers of Rainwater Harvesting, Case Study Tanzania
(Scientific Research Publishing, 2016-09-12) Burton, Mwamila Tulinave; Young, Han Moo; Katambara, Zacharia
There are Socio-Technological Challenges Towards Extension of The Application of Rainwater Harvesting (RWH) Practicesin Developing Countries. an Attempt to Ad- Dress this was Done Using the Mnyundo Primary School, Tanzania, as A Study Area For Evaluating the Technical, Economic, and Social Challenges of RWH Practices. A Sto- Rage Water Level Monitoring Gauge was Used so as to Simplify Rainwater Quantity Con- Trol and Utilization Strategy. Basic Quality Control Components Such as First Flush Tank Were Incorporated so as to Reduce the Particle Load Flowing Into The Storage. Cost Re- Duction Strategies Such As The One (1) Company One (1) Community Campaign Were Applied To Address The Cost Implication. To Enhance Ownership, Participatory Ap- Proach Of The Beneficiaries In All Stages Including Planning, Designing And Imple- Mentation Was Adopted. In Order To Ensure Project Sustainability, Training On How To Operate And Maintain Were Provided As Well As A Maintenance Manual To Impart A Sense Of Ownership. For The Challenges Of Imparting RWH Practices In Tanzania, 19 Solutions Have Been Identified And They Include Provision Of RWH Manuals, Guide- Lines And Regulations, Government Incentives, And Promotion Of Self-Financing Initia- Tives. For Developing Countries, The Study Proposes The Following Strategies: Estab- Lishing Relevant Regulations And Research Centers, Enhancing Individual And Commu- Nity Financial Stability, Conducting Demonstration Projects, And Increased Investment By Government On Promotion. Private

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