Browsing by Author "Mutoloki, Stephen"

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    Assessment of Heavy Metals in Wild and Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) on Lake Kariba, Zambia: Implications for Human and Fish Health
    (Taylor & Francis, 2022) Simukoko, Chalumba K.; Mwakalapa, Eliezer B.; Bwalya, Patricia; Muzandu, Kaampwe; Berg, Vidar; Mutoloki, Stephen; Polder, Anuschka; Lyche, Jan, L.
    The aim of this study was to assess the levels of heavy metals in both wild and farmed tilapia on Lake Kariba in Zambia and to evaluate the impact of intensive fish farming on wild tilapia. Three sites for wild fish (2 distant and 1 proximal to fish farms) and two fish farms were selected. One hundred fish (52 from distant sites; 20 near fish farms; 28 farmed fish) were sampled and muscle tissues excised for analysis of heavy metals (Mg, Fe, Zn, Al, Cu, Se, Co, Mo, As, Cr, V, Ni, Hg, Pb, Li, Cd, and Ag) by acid (HNO3) digestion and ICP-MS. All metals were found to be below the maximum limits (MLs) set by WHO/EU. Essential metals were higher in farmed tilapia, whereas non-essential metals were higher in wild tilapia. Significantly higher levels of essential metals were found in wild fish near the fish farms than those distant from the farms. Estimated weekly intake (EWI) for all metals were less than the provisional tolerable weekly intakes (PTWI). Target hazard quotients (THQ) and Hazard Indices (HI) were <1, indicating no health risks from a lifetime of fish consump- tion. Selenium Health Benefit Value (HBVSe) was positive for all locations, indicating protective effects of selenium against mercury in fish. Total cancer risk (CR) due to As, Cr, Cd, Ni and Pb was less than 1 × 10−4, indicating less than 1 in 10,000 carcinogenic risk from a lifetime consumption of tilapia from Lake Kariba. Hg levels (0.021 mg/kg) in wild tilapia at site 1 were higher than the Environmental quality standard (EQS = 0.020 mg/kg) set by EU, indicating possible risk of adverse effects to fish. Except for Hg, levels of metals in fish were safe for human consumption and had no adverse effects on fish.
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    Persistent Organic Pollutants (Pops) And Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (Pfass) in Liver from Wild and Farmed Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) from Lake Kariba, Zambia: Levels and Geographic Trends and Considerations in Relation to Environmental Quality Standards (Eqss)
    (ELSEVIER, 2023) Simukoko, Chalumba K.; Mwakalapa, Eliezer B.; Muzandu, Kaampwe; Mutoloki, Stephen; Evensen, Øystein; Ræder, Erik M.; Müller, Mette B.; Polder, Anuschka; Lyche, Jan L.
    The current study was carried out to investigate a wide variety of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in wild and farmed tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Kariba, Zambia, and assess levels of POPs in relation to Environ- mental Quality Standards (EQSs). Concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyls (PBDEs), and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were determined in liver samples of tilapia. PFASs compounds PFOS, PFDA and PFNA were only detected in wild fish, with the highest median PFOS levels in site 1 (0.66 ng/g ww). Concentrations of POPs were in general highest in wild tilapia. The highest median ∑DDTs (93 and 81 ng/g lw) were found in wild tilapia from sites 1 and 2, respectively 165 km and 100 km west of the fish farms. Lower DDE/DDT ratios in sites 1 and 3 may indicate relatively recent exposure to DDT. The highest median of ∑17PCBs (3.2 ng/g lw) and ∑10PBDEs (8.1 ng/g lw) were found in wild tilapia from sites 1 and 2, respectively. The dominating PCB congeners were PCB-118, -138, 153 and 180 and for PBDEs, BDE-47, -154, and 209. In 78% of wild fish and 8% of farmed fish ∑6PBDE concentrations were above EQSbiota limits set by the EU. This warrants further studies.