Science & Technical Education

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A CommonFixed Point Theorem for Generalised F-Kannan Mapping in Metric Space with Applications
(Hindawi, 2021) Wangwe, Lucas; Kumar, Santosh
This paper is aimed at proving a common fixed point theorem for F-Kannan mappings in metric spaces with an application to integral equations. The main result of the paper will extend and generalise the recent existing fixed point results in the literature. Wealso provided illustrative examples and some applications to integral equation, nonlinear fractional differential equation, and ordinary differential equation for damped forced oscillations to support the results
A comparative in-vitro study on antimicrobial efficacy of on-market alcohol-based hand washing sanitizers towards combating microbes and its application in combating Covid-19 global outbreak
(Heliyon, 2022) Vuai, Said Ali Hamad; Sahin Khalfani Salimi,; Sule, Mtabazi Geofrey
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak has created endless social, economic, and political fear in the global human population. Measures employed include frequent washing hands and using alcohol-based hand sanitisers and hand rubs as instant hand hygiene products. Due to the need to mitigate the pandermic, there is an increase in the local production of alcohol-based hand sanitisers, whose quality and efficacy against germs and the virus are questionable. Therefore, the current study investigated the in-vitro antimicrobial efficacy of on-market alcohol-based handwashing sanitizers used to mitigate the Covid-19 global outbreak toward combating enveloped bacteria such as E. Coli, P. aeroginosa, S. aureus, and a fungus C. albicans. The antimicrobial effectiveness of alcohol-based hand sanitizer was performed by the agar well diffusion method, and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) model was used for statistical analysis. Results indicate that alcohol hand-based sanitizers were more effective in inhibiting P. aeroginosa, with a mean zone of inhibition of 12.47 mm, followed by E. coli, a gram negative bacterium with a mean zone of inhibition of 12.13 mm than both S. aureus and C. albicans as gram positive bacteria, and fungi respectively had the same inhibition average of 11.40 mm. The overall mean diameter of inhibition was statistically significantly different among the fifteen tested products. Only one brand of alcohol-based hand sanitizers was the most effective in inhibiting microbes. Less effective sanitizers may impair Covid 19 mitigation efforts and put the population at risk instead of protecting it. Indicating the need for all materials used to mitigate Covid 19 pandermic, including alcohol-based hand sanitizers, to be evaluated and monitored to ensure public health safety
A mathematical model of HCV transmission dynamics with sex stratification and environmental effects
(PLOS one, 2025-12-01) Mlyashimbi, Helikumi; Mushanyu, Josiah; Mhlanga, Adquate
This study primarily aims to determine how sex-specific behaviors influence Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) transmission dynamics among people who inject drugs (PWID), and to identify key parameters and interventions that most effectively reduce infection prevalence. Despite the availability of effective treatment, HCV remains a major public health challenge particularly among PWID, with sex-specific differences influencing the transmission dynamics. In this study, we developed a sex-structured deterministic mathematical model to investigate HCV transmission through contaminated needles, focusing on gender-specific patterns among PWID. Unlike previous models, our work separates transmission by sex and also captures differences between high-risk and low-risk injecting behavior through transmission and needle reuse parameters.The model classifies the population into distinct HCV related compartments for both males and females, while also incorporating an environmental pool of contaminated needles. We computed and analyzed the systems reproduction threshold and steady states, identifying conditions under which the disease persists and scenarios where backward bifurcation may occur. Sensitivity analysis identified the most influential factors on acute infection prevalence, such as rates of needle contamination, sex-specific contact behaviors, and recovery outcomes among males. Simulation results show that males experience a higher burden of acute and chronic HCV infections. Increasing the viral decay rate in needles leads to a notable decline in infections, highlighting the effectiveness of environmental interventions like needle sterilization. Additionally, reducing risky behaviors in both sexes produces the largest overall reduction in transmission, while improving needle exchange efforts by lowering the reuse of uncontaminated needles further suppresses disease spread. Our findings highlight the need for integrated harm reduction with enough, gender PLOS
A Note on Fractional-Order Model for Cholera Disease Transmission with Control Strategies
(Mbeya University of Science and Technology, 2021-12-29) Helikumi,Mlyashimbi; Lolika,Paride O.
In this paper, we formulated and analyzed a fractional-order model for cholera disease transmission that consists of human population and surrounding environment. Three control strategies namely: health education campaigns, hygiene practices, and treatment of infected individuals are investigated. We divided the human pop- ulation into three sub-classes namely: Susceptible, infected and recovered classes. The main assumptions on the disease transmission were that susceptible humans acquire the disease through contact with either infected humans or directly from environment. Mathematical analysis of the model was carried out and the threshold quantity R0 which determine the existence of the disease in the population was determined. The model analysis showed that the disease exist in the population whenever R0 > 1 and dies wherever R0 ≤ 1. It was also noted that both the disease-free and endemic equilibria are globally stable. Further more, we performed the numerical simulations of the model and the results showed that the order of derivatives have the influence on spread of cholera disease in the population. It was also noted that both the aforementioned control strategies have the potential to minimize the spread of cholera in the community.
A Preliminary Study on Abundance and Diversity of Aquatic Macro Invertebrates of Nzovwe Stream, in Mbeya, Tanzania
(Research Publish Journals, 2016) Ojija, Fredrick; Kavishe, Regan
The purpose of this current study was to determine the diversity, species richness, dominance and evenness of macroinvertebrates fauna found in Nzovwe stream. The study was carried out from 02 November to 28 December 2015. A total of 584 aquatic macroinvertebrate from 7 orders and 16 species were recoded. They belonged to 22 families. This study shows that Odonata (35.96%) was the most dominant order according to total number of individuals, followed by Hemiptera (25.514%), Coleoptera (19.007 %), Diptera (12.842%), Plecoptera (5.137%), Gastropoda (1.027%) and Ephemeroptera (1.027%). The most abundant species were Dragonflies (27.226%), Water striders (13.185%), and Creeping water bugs (10.274%), whereas the least abundant species were Giant water bugs and Backswimmers (0.514%). The Shannon-Wiener Index diversity and Evenness index (Pielou’s index) was higher in order Coleoptera (1.33) and Diptera (0.940) respectively. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Gastropoda (Shannon’s, H’ = 0.00) were the lowest. Simpson’s Reciprocal Index diversity was highest in order Coleoptera (3.400) while Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Gastropoda (1/D = 1.000) were the lowest. The species richness of macroinvertebrates was calculated by using Margalef’s Index. Moreover, it was found that the stream is poorly managed and threatened by pollution from domestic wastes.
A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL OF KAPOLOGWE WATERFALLS IN RUNGWE DISTRICT FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION
(Journal of Research and Development, 2025-11-30) MGINA, CHARLES JOACHIM
This study assessed the hydropower potential of the Kapologwe Waterfalls, situated on the Kala River, a tributary of the Kiwira River in Rungwe District, Mbeya Region, using an integrated methodology that combined spatial tools, field measurements, and socioeconomic surveys. Tools such as GPS, current meters, and automatic levels were used to gather geospatial and hydrological data, while structured questionnaires captured energy demand profiles from six villages within the catchment. The analysis incorporated topographic, climatic, land use, soil, and discharge data to characterise the river system. Diversity factor analysis was employed to estimate village-level energy needs, and Karl Pearson’s coefficient, along with the Weibull plotting technique, were used to validate hydrological correlations and construct a flow duration curve for the ungauged Kala River. Results indicate a hydropower potential of 7.237 MW, which falls short of the estimated 8.641 MW required to meet the aggregated four-year demand of all six villages. However, the identified potential is sufficient to meet the current demand (7.116 MW) of five villages, making the site viable for phased electrification. The study concludes that the Kapologwe Waterfalls offer a technically feasible solution for decentralised power generation in the Kala catchment. However, to meet long-term and inclusive demand, it is recommended that this resource be supplemented with additional energy sources, such as support from the Rural Energy Agency (REA). Furthermore, future research should focus on optimising turbine design for high-head, low-flow conditions to improve system efficiency, minimize maintenance needs, and extend equipment lifespan.
Advanced Level Student Competences In Doing Biology Practical: The Case Of Dissection Of Frog In Kinondoni And Bagamoyo Districts, Tanzania
(IJRISS, 2021) Kibani, Leoncia H.
This study examined students’ learning competences of biology practical skills during dissection of animal specimen Frog/Toad in A’level secondary schools in Kinondoni and Bagamoyo district. Mixed method approach and case study design were employed. Biology practical sessions were examined in 10 secondary schools, five from each district. Participants involved 10 form six biology students and 2 teachers from each school. Data were collected through interview with teachers, focus group discussion with students and participatory observation. Sampling was purposively to teachers and randomly to students. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed thematically and descriptively respectively. Findings includes: A’level students were not competent in dissecting frog. Students lack practical technical skills in dissection, lack clear knowledge on the internal features of frog, lack knowledge on the ethics of dissection processes, lack familiarity of some dissecting materials and skills in using dissecting tools. There was limited practical guides and facilities needed for dissection. The study concludes that teachers need to be trained on how to teach practical lessons. The study recommend the government to supply guides and dissecting kits to all schools and make a follow on what and how students are learning practical lessons
Allelopathic Effects of Sphaeranthus Suaveolens (Forssk.) DC. and Argemone Mexicana L Leaf Crude Extract On Zea Mays L Germination and Growth
(ResearchGate, 2023) Ojija, Fredrick
Sphaeranthus suaveolens (Forssk.) DC. and Argemone mexicana L. plant species are agricultural weeds that threaten crops and native plant diversity in East Africa, particularly in Tanzania. Yet, there have been few studies to assess whether their allelopathic effects inhibit plant germination and growth. Experiments were carried out in petri dishes and pots to investigate the inhibition effects (here referred to as negative allelopathy) of S. suaveolens leaf (SsL) and A. mexicana leaf (AmL) crude extracts on Zea mays L germination and seedling growth. Zea mays seeds and seedlings were treated with different crude concentrations of SsL and AmL to investigate their inhibition potential. The results showed that SsL and AmL crude extract concentrations delayed and/or reduced Z. mays germination, particularly at higher concentrations (70% and 100%). At these higher concentrations, few seeds germinated compared to the number of seeds germinated at lower concentrations (0%, 25%, and 50%). Further, it was found that Z. mays growth vigour was negatively affected as evinced by lower stem and root lengths, diameters, and total fresh biomass at higher concentrations of SsL and AmL. Although this study demonstrates the allelopathic effect of S. suaveolens and A. mexicana on Z. mays germination and growth, it also recommends further laboratory and field research experiments to investigate their allelopathic effects on other crops and native plants. However, this study advises that the management and control of these weeds be taken into account as their inhibitory effects could subsequently lead to a loss of plant diversity and crop productivity.
Aluminum, Silicon and Nutrients Characteristics in Precipitation of Semi-Arid Area in Dodoma Municipality, Tanzania
(International Invention Journals, 2015) Vuai, Said Ali H.
Dodoma region is a semi arid area experiencing long dry season accompanied with very strong wind. This condition results into suspension of particles in the atmosphere originating from the blown soil dust which may transport nutrients and other metals and causing negative consequences to the ecosystem. Contribution of this phenomenon to the atmospheric aluminum, silicon and nutrients is not well understood. The study was conducted to assess atmospheric deposition of aluminum, silicon and nutrients in Dodoma Municipality. The samples of rain water were collected in event basis from three different areas reflecting a combination of natural and anthropogenic activities and analyzed for aluminum, silicon, ammonium, nitrate and phosphate. The results show that there is strong variation in rainfall intensity within Dodoma Municipality caused by niches of micro meteorological factors. The concentration of nutrients showed that NO3 ->NH4 +>PO4 3- with volume weighted mean concentrations 500, 210 and 160μgL-1, respectively. Nutrients deposition in Dodoma Municipality show clear spatial variation due to nature and intensity of anthropogenic activities. It was also found that annual deposition flux of the nitrogen based nutrient is low compared to the other reported area with similar rainfall intensity reflecting less industrial activities and relatively low population density. However phosphorous deposition is relatively high due to burning of biomass during land preparation and dissolution from soil particles. Silicon and aluminum in the precipitation around Dodoma Municipality was significantly high showing clear spatial variation as results of variation of rainwater pH. It was concluded that strong wind during dry condition disperse nutrients and bring soil dust which results into high concentrations of aluminum and silicon and low concentrations of nitrogen in the wet precipitation
An Intrinsic Analysis of Human Brucellosis Dynamics in Africa
(ResearchGate, 2022-08-27) Lolika, Paride O.; Helikumi, Mlyashimbi
Brucellosis is one of the most common zoonotic infections globally. It affects humans, domestic animals and wildlife. In this paper, we conduct an intrinsic analysis of human brucellosis dynamics in non-periodic and periodic environments. As such we propose and study two mathematical models for human brucellosis transmission and control, in which humans acquire infection from cattle and wildlife. The first model is an autonomous dynamical system and the second is a non-autonomous dynamical system in which the seasonal transmission of brucellosis is incorporated. Disease intervention strategies incorporated in this study are cattle vaccination, culling of infectious cattle and human treatment. For both models we conduct both epidemic and endemic analysis, with a focus on the threshold dynamics characterized by the basic reproduction numbers. Using sensitivity analysis we established that R0 is most sensitive to the rate of brucellosis transmission from buffalos to cattle, the result suggest that in order to control human brucellosis there is a need to control cattle infection. Based on our models, we also formulate an optimal control problem with cattle vaccination and culling of infectious cattle as control functions. Using reasonable parameter values, numerical simulations of the optimal control demonstrate the possibility of reducing brucellosis incidence in humans, wildlife and cattle, within a finite time horizon, for both periodic and non-periodic environments.
An Invasive Plant Parthenium Hysterophorus Reduces Native Forage Cover
(East African Journal of Environment and Natural Resources, 2022) Ojija, Fredrick; Lutambi, Leticia P
While some research has been conducted in sub–Saharan Africa on the alien invasive Parthenium hysterophorus, little work has assessed whether it is poses negative impact on native forages. A field survey was carried out to study the dominant co–existing plant species, and its impact on plant abundance, species, and native forage cover. We found that non–natives were the dominant co–existing plants with P. hysterophorus compared to natives. Plant species (r = -0.889, P = 0.043) and abundance (r = -0.968, P = 0.007) decreased with increasing invasive percent cover. Moreover, native forage plant (Brachiaria reptans; r = -0.922, P = 0.026), Cynodon dactylon; r = -0.972, P = 0.006, Digitaria milanjiana; r = -0.938, P = 0.018, and Indigofera spicata; r = -0.977, P = 0.004) percent cover decreased with increasing invasive percent cover. The study concludes that P. hysterophorus negatively affects plant diversity, and thus, should controlled.
Analysis of Kick Detection Methods in the Light of Actual Blowout Disasters.
(Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 2017) Lindi, Oltingey
Kicks or formation fluid influxes pose persistent challenges and operational costs during drilling, workover, completion and sometimes after temporary abandonment operations. Despite of presence of variety of kick detection methods, oil and gas wells still experience undetected kicks and detected kicks which sometimes becomes uncontrolled and results into blowout. Kicks that evolved into blowout stage cost billions of dollars, human lives and damage to the environment. For instance Macondo well incident that occurred in 2010 cost about $40 billion and 11 fatalities, Piper alpha in north sea that occurred in 1988 cost about $3.4 billion and 167 fatalities, and Petrobras 36, Brazil, that occurred in 2001 cost about $350 million and 11 fatalities (Tabibzadeh & Meshkati, 2014a). So it’s better to incur cost to detect and control kicks rather than healing its consequences. The available methods for kick detection has its strength and weaknesses. These weaknesses give a loop for kicks to flow to surface undetected and hence it might bring about blowout disasters. Therefore the main goal of this thesis will be to analyse kick detection methods to recognise the loop holes for the occurrence of blowout disasters and suggest the means of improvement. The critical evaluation will be based on blowout cases selected which occurred due to late or failed kick detection. Therefore earlier kick identification and controlling is crucial for the development of petroleum industry in general but in particular avoidance of blowouts. The mains causes of blowouts has been categorized into human errors, technological deficiencies, cost cutting and kick detection techniques problems Conclusion from this thesis suggests the extension of kick detection method beyond drilling operations to the completion, workover or completion operations and establishment of advisory program that could automatically be advising the crew working in the rig is paramount. This will enable quick decision making. Also advisory program will reduce the probability of human errors occurrence that leads to blowout. Apart from advisory program also change in mud returning volume method could be developed into sensors that can be used beyond drilling operations
Analysis of Qater Quality Parameters and Ecosystem Services of Nzovwe Stream
(IJBLST, 2015) Ojija, Fredrick
This paper presents analyzed physico-chemical parameters and assessed ecosystem services of Nzovwe stream. Physico-chemical parameters were analyzed using methods and procedures as prescribed by American Public Health Association and Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Whereas, ecosystem services were assessed qualitatively using households survey questionnaires. In average the water sample from Nzovwe stream had the following measurement; pH was 8.14(±07SD), Temperature 24.7(±0.2SD)0C, Turbidity 320(±20SD)NTU, Total alkalinity 202(±2SD)mg/L, Total hardness 58(±8SD)mg/L, Electrical conductivity 540(±20SD)μs/cm, Total suspended solids 314.027(±73.19SD)mg/L and Total dissolved solids 361.8(±13.4SD)mg/L. Field observations revealed that the stream is in danger of being polluted due to human activities (i.e. washing clothes and bathing, cultivation or gardening, irrigations) and dumping of wastes from households. Physico-chemical parameters showed no or little evidence of a stream being polluted because almost all parameters were within permissible range of Tanzania Bureau of standards (TBS). About 90% of interviewed households said that Nzovwe stream supply them with provisioning services (fresh water for drinking, washing, bathing, or sanitation purposes and other domestic uses); 3% said that they extract building materials (soil and pebbles); 5% specified that they use stream water for irrigation of crops (banana trees, maize) and gardens (vegetables); while 2% obtain pastures to feed livestock. This study recommends that future studies must include biological parameters instead of using only physico-chemical parameters to assess the quality of water in Nzovwe stream. Moreover, local authority must ensure that the stream is well protected by establishing stream management committees which will incorporate individuals from households adjacent the Nzovwe stream.
Anisotropic Core-Envelope Compact Star Model with Conformal Symmetry
(IJP, 2025-07-06) Kowa, Y K; Jape, J W; Sunzu, J M; Maharaj, S D
In this paper, the combination of the conformal Killing vector and equations of state for double layered stars provides new solutions to the Einstein field equations in the core-envelope setting. The matter composition in the core layer obeys a linear equation of state, while in the envelope is described by a quadratic equation of state. The behavior of the matter variables in the stellar sphere is found to be well behaved, and the model satisfies stability conditions. The generated compact star model satisfies the energy and equilibrium conditions for the behavior of the natural forces. The mass, compactness, and surface redshift also fall within the required range for observed stars. Radii and masses of the stars PSRJ1903?0327, SAXJ1808.4-3658, VelaX-1, 4U1608-52, HerX-1, SMCX-1 and EXO1785-248 have been regained. This signifies the astrophysical importance of our generated class of exact solutions
Application Software for Water Quality Data Management (MajiBora-DM) in Tanzania
(Water Institute, 2024) Bairo, Antoni M.; Elisadiki, Joyce; Sahini, Mtabazi G.; Vuai, Said A.
In Tanzania, water quality laboratories face the difficult task of managing all of the processes involved in handling water samples. These tasks include registering samples, evaluating their quality, documenting critical parameters, analyzing data, making professional recommendations on water treatment solutions to achieve superior results, and creating comprehensive reports for clients. In this paper, the authors explain the development of the Majibora-DM program, a comprehensive tool for managing water quality data. The authors developed MajiBora-DM using the Python Integrated Development Environment (IDE), pyinstaller, and the Inno compiler, then tested it on a Windows operating system computer. It demonstrated the ability to register samples, allow data sharing among computers connected to the internet, record water quality parameters, analyze water quality, interpret data, and generate reports with water treatment approach recommendations. The software plays a crucial role by calculating the impact of chemical dosages on water quality parameters in water treatment plants, thereby recommending the most effective dosage to achieve the desired quality. Also, it can simplify water quality data analysis, allow real-time data sharing, generate water quality reports, and suggest the appropriate water treatment method using artificial intelligence to achieve clean and safe water for the intended use
ARGEMONE MEXICANA’S LEAF CRUDE EXTRACT SUPPRESSES PHASEOLUS VULGARIS AND ZEA MAYS GERMINATION AND GROWTH
(Tropical Agroecosystems, 2023) Ojija, Fredrick
The Argemone mexicana plant species is invading many habitats in Tanzania. Nevertheless, there have not been many studies to assess how it affects crops. In petri dishes and pot experiments, we investigated the suppressive effects of A. mexicana on Phaseolus vulgaris and Zea mays germination and seedling growth. Different concentrations of A. mexicana leaf (AmL) crude extract was applied to the seeds and seedlings of P. vulgaris and Z. mays. At higher concentrations (>70%), AmL crude extract concentrations reduced the germination and growth of P. vulgaris and Z. mays seeds. The fresh biomass, root lengths, stem diameters, and heights of P. vulgaris seedlings were reduced at higher concentrations (>75%) of AmL, which had a negative impact on their growth vigour. Although this study shows that P. vulgaris and Z. mays germination and growth were inhibited by A. mexicana crude extract, field research experiments should investigate the suppressive effects of this invasive weed on native plant species. The study recommends further management of A. mexicana to protect native biodiversity. It is expected that these results will be helpful in developing policies and programs for managing invasive plants while taking into account the effects on people's livelihoods.
Artificial Intelligence Enhanced Instruction: Reflection on Teachers and Students’ Perceptions and Practices.
(International Journal of Technology in Education, 2024-12-24) Chandafa, M. J; Huang, F.
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has the potential to revolutionize education as it develops, offering dynamic, individualized, and effective learning experiences that might change teaching practices. However, there is still inconsistency and limitations in the integration and use of AI in Tanzanian universities. Therefore, the study delt to investigated how Tanzanian higher learning institutions’ teachers and students perceived and used AI-enhanced instruction. The study used pragmatic paradigm, mixed methods approach and exploratory sequential design. These approaches were crucial for data triangulation and offered a deeper comprehension of AI perceptions and practices. By combining these two data sources, the researcher was able to fully capture the scope and complexity of the research topic, producing a more solid and trustworthy findings. 240 participants from four universities participated in the study, including 200 students and 40 teachers. Teachers and students were chosen for the study using both random and non-random selection procedures. Data was gathered via questionnaires, focus groups, and interviews. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences used to analyse the quantitative data, while thematic analysis technique used to analyse the qualitative data. The results showed that perceptions on the usage of AIenhanced instruction differed between teachers and students. The study found that while AI has great potential to improve education in higher education, its integration necessitates a comprehensive strategy and the development of an ethical AI usage culture. Additionally, teachers’ and students’ AI practices concentrated on using Grammarly AI, Bing AI, ChatGPT, Quill bolt, and Bard AI. The study recommends that, the government and educational stakeholders should provide professional development programs for teachers and students in order to successfully integrate AI. They should also create explicit policies to address ethical issues and make sure that AI tools enhance rather than replace the crucial human component of teaching and learning
Assessment of Current Post-Harvest Handling Techniques for Mango and Avocado in Mbeya Region, Tanzania: Challenges and Opportunities for Improvement
(Elsevier, 2025-07-31) Mng’ong’o, Marco E.; Matimbwa, Hadija; Komanya, Absalom; Maro, Lilian; Mshora Abubakar M
Mango (Mangifera indica) and avocado (Persea americana) are valuable fruits in Tanzania, known for their nutritional and economic importance. However, their perishability leads to significant post-harvest losses, especially for smallholder farmers in Mbeya. The limited knowledge about post-harvest handling identifies a research gap. This study assessed practices and challenges among mango and avocado farmers to improve handling techniques. A survey of 150 smallholder farmers in Kyela and Rungwe districts (August–September 2024) examined harvesting, storage, transportation, and post-harvest challenges. Data analysis revealed that 64 % of farmers use traditional harvesting methods that lead to mechanical damage. While 68.8 % manually hand-harvest, others rely on tree shaking (8.3 %) and sticks or stones (18.8 %), further increasing fruit damage. Storage at ambient temperature (46 %) fails to extend shelf-life, causing rapid quality deterioration. Trans portation by motorcycle (44 %) and head carrying (34 %) exposes fruits to damage. Key challenges included fruit drop (36 %), rotting before harvest (28 %), and insect infestation (24 %). Only 23.4 % of farmers had reliable market access, highlighting a major constraint. Education level influenced challenges, with lower-educated farmers facing more rotting and pest issues. Findings indicate current post-harvest practices are inadequate, leading to major losses. Simple, cost-effective technologies like edible coatings and training on improved har vesting, storage, and transportation are necessary. Investment in affordable cold storage and better transport infrastructure is crucial. This study provides actionable insights for policymakers and stakeholders to enhance mango and avocado value chains in Tanzania
Assessment of Current State and Impact of REDD+ on Livelihood of Local People in Rungwe District, Tanzania
(Forest Research Open Access, 2016-01-18) Fredrick, Ojija
A climate change mitigation mechanism, Reducing Emission from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) is anticipated to affect livelihoods of forest dependent communities. This study was conducted to establish this impact on livelihoods of local people in Rungwe District, Tanzania. Data were collected through questionnaires, group discussions, and interviews from three villages: Syukula, Ilolo and Kibisi. Results showed that households annual income and crop production are higher after REDD+ implementation. The older respondents (> 40 years old) considered REDD+ to be important for forest management compared to younger generation (<40 years old) (p< 0.05). Similarly, the older respondents considered wood forest products such as fuelwood, charcoal, timber and poles to be reduced. There was a widespread awareness about REDD+’s objectives among household respondents. Therefore, REDD+ proponents should implement alternative sources of livelihoods to help local people improve their income and reduce dependence on the forest resources and eventually decrease deforestation and forest degradation.
Attenuation of nitrate from Aqueous Solution using Raw and Surface Modified Biosorbents from Adansonia Digitata Fruit Pericarp
(Elsevier, 2022-07-14) Mihayo , David; Vegi, Maheswara Rao; Vuai, Said Ali Hamad
The prevalence of nitrate in potable water is a serious environmental concern. Several methods for eliminating nitrate from water have been made and implemented. During the course of this research, raw (RADFP) and surface-modified fruit pericarp (SMADFP) biosorbents derived from the Adansonia digitata plant were applied in order to remove nitrate from an aqueous solution. The external features of the biosorbents were studied with the aids of SEM and BET. The FT-IR spectrometer was utilized for identification of the functional groups of the ad sorbents. A UV-Vis device was used to quantify the nitrate concentration. The adsorbents under investigation exhibit a heterogeneous pore structure with a considerable number of mesopores, with surface areas of 361.527 and 379.877 m2 per gram for RADFP and SMADFP, respectively. FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and halogen groups on the adsorbent. The maximum nitrate removal efficiencies of RADFP and SMADFP were 64.55 and 88.95%, respectively. The maximum adsorption efficiencies are achieved when the pHis 2, the starting concentration is 27.50 mg/L, the contact period is 75.00 min, and the amount of biosorbent is 5.50 g. RADFP and SMADFP have a removal capacity of 12.45 as well as 25.18 mg per gram and adsorption intensity of 3.2300 and 5.4500, respectively. The investigational values for the elimination of nitrate ions concurred well to both Freundlich and Langmuir models with R2 values of 0.99917 and 0.99763 for RADFP and SMADFP, respectively, and pseudo-second-order kinetic model with R2 values of 0.99817 and 0.99947, respec tively for RADFP and SMADFP. It can be concluded that SMADFP is a relatively better biosorbent than RADFP, which will be utilizable for the remediation of nitrate from an aqueous solution.

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