Journal Articles

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Impact Assessment of Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention on Socio-economic Status of Vulnerable Groups
(International Journal of Management Sciences., 2014-01) Mwidege, Asheri .M.
It is argued that globalization has increased the variability in socio-economic status of the vulnerable poor people. Although, development intervention is gradually reported as a panacea of the needy people, however little information based on appropriate methodological approach is available. This study was conducted to assess the livelihood impact of Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention on rural vulnerable groups in Makete and Rungwe Districts. This particular research analysed the impact of productive assets created on socio-economic activities of the recipients after intervention. A sample of 239 recipients and 115 non-recipients were collected through a stratified cross sectional quasi-experimental design. An instrumental variable / two stage least square approach was used to analyze cross-sectional data. Results showed that participation had positive significant effect (p<0.05) on socio-economic status. Based on these findings, it was concluded that involvement of target poor people in the established assets enhanced their socio-economic status.
Sustainability of Productive Assets Created for Vulnerable Communities: An Impact Assessment of Tanzania Social Action Fund Intervention
(International Journal of Physical and Social Sciences, 2014-06) Mwidege,Asheri M.; Mlambiti,M.E.; Damas, P.
Lack of projects sustainability raises more doubts about the long-term contribution of intervention to income expansion and poverty reduction. Little evidences are known on the sustainability of the productive assets created for vulnerable groups. Thus, this study was conducted to assess the livelihood impact assessment of Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF) intervention on rural vulnerable groups in Makete and Rungwe Districts, Tanzania. However, this article examined the sustainability of productive assets created. A stratified sample of 239 recipients and 115 non recipients in public works, carpentry, dairy cattle and poultry projects were interviewed. A quasi experimental and cross sectional design was used to collect data. Descriptive statistics and instrumental variables / 2SLS approaches were used to analyze data. Results showed that only carpentry project was significantly sustainable. Based on these findings, it was concluded that project sustainability depends on its nature and vulnerability of beneficiaries. This therefore it is recommended that the government should create assets through thorough participatory identification of the nature of projects relevant to the target group(s). In addition, local government authorities should implement assets created through training, supervision and regular field exchange visits.
Determinants Of Entrepreneurial Intentions Of Graduates: An Evidence Of Mbeya University Of Science And Technology, Tanzania
(International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2014-08) Mwidege, Asheri .M.; Rogath, Herieth; Ngimba, Christopher; Sanga,Abbas
It’s argued that, university graduates have enormous potential for entrepreneurial and economic development. However, little information is available on how competence based education training (CBET) systems has a likelihood to alleviate the problem of graduates being job seekers. Therefore, this study assessed the perceived entrepreneurial skills empowerment for self employment of students. This study was conducted at Mbeya University of Science and Technology and experimental research design was employed. Stratified proportionate simple random and purposive sampling was used. Closed ended questionnaires were used to collect data in which 352 students were interviewed. Descriptive and quantitative estimation were methods for data analysis by using SPSS and STATA. Findings showed that students’ level of study, mothers’ occupation, knowledge to solicit funds, frequency of attending short courses had significant influence on students’ perceived self employment. Based on these results, it is concluded that level of study and knowledge to solicit funds had strong influence on self employment of students after their graduation. Therefore, it is recommended that the University should ensure that students have access to financial sources so as to become self employed and job creators.
Socio-Economic Effects of Market Fires Outbreaks: An Evidence of Mbeya City, Tanzania
(International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2014-08) Mwidege, Asheri .M.; Rogath, Herieth
Fires are considered a potential threat to sustainable development of markets. However, little information is available on the sources and socio economic effects of market fires. This study therefore, investigated the sources of market fires, socio economic effects and risk mitigation taken by micro entities to protect business loses in Mbeya City market segments. This study used a quasi-experimental research design in which chain referral sampling plan was employed. Semi structured questionnaires were used to collect cross sectional data of which 55 micro business participants were interviewed. Descriptive statistics information was obtained by using SPSS package. Survey results showed that 83.6%, 81.8% and 89.1% of interviewed respondents had formal businesses, self employed and retailers, respectively and those were affected by fire (100%). Furthermore, it was found that 90.9% of businesses were not insured after fire outbreak. Moreover, 72.7% of interviewed participants’ families’ livelihood were affected because they were depending on businesses they operated. It is therefore, concluded that most of participants interviewed in small businesses were self employed, not risk averse and they lost families’ livelihoods. t is therefore, recommended that the government should support small business to enhance self employment and should provide education on insurance.
Effects of cost sharing on University students’ academic performance at Teofilo Kisanji University in Mbeya City, Tanzania
(International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2014-08) Mwachande,Itiha; Mwidege, Asheri .M.; Rogath,Herieth
In the early 1990s, Tanzania re-introduced a policy of students’ university education cost sharing, aimed at reducing financial support in higher learning institutions. However, little information is available on effects of cost sharing on academic performance. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of cost sharing on university students’ academic performance. The study used experimental approach in which stratified random and purposive sampling plans were used to select units for study. Cross sectional data in which a sample of 105 University students and Lecturers from Teofilo Kisanji University and parents were interviewed. Both, open and closed questionnaires were used to collect data through interview schedule and descriptive analysis approach was used. The present study findings showed that cost sharing in universities had negative effect on academic performance. Therefore, it was recommended that, the government should finance or subsidize university tuition fees for those students engaged in higher learning institutions.
The effectiveness of Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention in health status of vulnerable communities in Makete and Rungwe Districts, Tanzania
(International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2014-08) Mwidege, Asheri .M.; Rogath, Herieth
Appreciation of health service costs is increasingly an obstacle for vulnerable communities to access services. However, little information based on appropriate methodological approach is available on how development intervention affects the health status of the recipient poor people. This study was conducted to assess the ex-post livelihood impact of Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention in Agriculture for vulnerable communities in Makete and Rungwe districts. Therefore this research examined the effectiveness of intervention on health status of the vulnerable communities in both districts. A sample of 354 recipients and non-recipients that included households, key informants and focus group discussions was collected from 21 villages. A quasi-experimental approach was used to collect cross-sectional data. Heckman selection two stage estimation model was employed in data analysis. Results showed that participation had significant positive impact (p<0.05> on health status of recipients. Therefore, it was concluded that participation in assets created improved health of beneficiaries’ though, HIV infected were the most negatively affected followed by able-bodied and elders. Thus it is recommended that the government should create assets creation through participation depending on the vulnerability of target groups.
Does Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention a panacea to food insecure vulnerable rural poor people?
(International Journal of Research in Social Sciences, 2014-08) Mwidege,Asheri .M.; Mlambiti,M.E.; Damas, P.
Development intervention is increasingly reported as a means of improving the livelihoods of the vulnerable poor people. However, little information on what could have been happened if there could be no intervention is available. This study was conducted to assess the livelihood impact of Tanzania Social Action Fund intervention in Agriculture for vulnerable communities in Makete and Rungwe Districts. This research examined whether intervention in food security is a panacea for the vulnerable communities. A quasi-experimental design was used to collect a sample of 239 and 115 recipient and non-recipient households and triangulation approaches were employed, respectively. Paired t-test, chi-square test and phi-coefficient were used to ascertain the significance of the means of differences, comparing sample variance and strength of relationship between qualitative variables, respectively. Results showed that recipients were food insecure than non recipients. Based on these findings, it is concluded that intervention on food security through participation is not a panacea to vulnerable communities. Therefore, it is recommended that intervention should be on prevention basis rather than coping strategies.
Extension Service Delivery following Marketing Approach for Maize Productivity in Morogoro and Dodoma Regions
(Mbeya University of Science and Technology, 2020) Raphael Charles
Agricultural extension service is one of the strategies specified in the Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS) I and II for successful productivity of Agricultural sector in Tanzania. The ASDS I and II emphasize on delivering extension services to farmers using marketing approach. The extent to which extension service are provided to farmers using marketing approach is not yet scholarly established. This study therefore evaluates the extent to which extension services are delivered to maize farmers following marketing approached-based skills in Morogoro and Dodoma Region. The study also determines the influence of marketing approached based skills on maize productivity. The study quantitatively employed descriptive and explanatory survey designs. The data were gathered using questionnaire from 500 farmers who were sampled through stratified simple random technique. The gathered data were analyzed using Descriptive Statistics and Multiple Linear Regressions. that the findings revealed that, extension services are delivered to maize farmers to some extent using marketing approach-based skills; but to a large extent the services are delivered on pure agricultural skills. Furthermore, the marketing approach-based skills were found to have positive and significant influence on maize productivity. It is therefore recommended that, the government and other stakeholders through their respective extension agents should emphatically provide pure agricultural skills in conjunction with marketing approach-based skills to maize farmers.
Technological Features and Effectiveness of Human Resource Information System in Tanzanian Local Government Authorities
(Science Publishing Group, 2020-09-08) Matimbwa Hadija.; Masue, Orest Sebastian.; Shilingi, Venance.
Information and Communication Technology has drastically become indispensable for companies aiming to favourably compete in the business world. The traditional way of storing information is losing its ground; organisations are abandoning paper documents and quickly adopting digital storage. Today, most organizations have upgraded their file storage systems from paper filing to digital filing whereby documents are stored on servers and storage devices. By so doing, documents can be easily accessed by anyone who is granted access. Organizations are able to store and maintain tremendous amount of information, which enhance immediate access of information from the system. Tanzania like many other countries has decided to use Human Resources Information System (HRIS) to replace manual record systems in Ministries Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and the Local Government Authorities (LGAs). The aim of introducing HRIS in the MDAs and LGAs was to reduce manual performance of administrative activities and to enable HR officers maintain complete, accurate and up-to-date employees’ information by using computerized application software. The purpose of this article is to assess the influence of technological features on (HRIS) effectiveness. The study involved 37 LGAs in six regions-Mwanza, Arusha, Dodoma, Morogoro, Iringa, and Kagera. Primary data were collected through administration of 201 questionnaires to Human Resource Officers (HROs) and interviews with 8 key informants. Secondary data were mainly collected through documentary review. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study employed the ordered logistic regression model to assess the influence of technology features on the effectiveness of HRIS in LGAs in terms of information timeliness, completeness and accuracy. Based on the results, technological features have significant influence on HRIS effectiveness in terms of timeliness, completeness, and accuracy of information. These include compatibility, complexity, usefulness and reliability. The implication of the results is that a new and reliable system is needed to facilitate decision making, increase access from other devices, address the needs of the institution, and be procedurally clear. It was suggested that the current system should be changed to accommodate technological advancement and cover loopholes which are being manipulated by employees in LGAs.
Persistent stock market returns volatility in emerging capital markets as evidenced in Tanzania
(Inderscience Enterprises Ltd., 2021) Mwidege, Asheri
This study examined the stock returns volatility in Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange for the year 1998 through 2018 period. The study employed quantitative research design on time series data in which autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity and generalised autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity models were used determine the existence of volatility. The study employed Win Rat and E-views Econometric software for data analysis. Serial correlation and unit root analysed to determine seasonal dependencies of the stock market returns and stationarity, respectively. Results showed that all time series of returns were non-stationary except at market level and volatility of stock returns had a constant decaying coefficient value of 0.75 per trading period. The study concluded that the shocks to volatility were more persistent and had a slower and constant decaying rate in various trading periods in DSE. Therefore, it was recommended that the public should buy and sell shares in the market.
Entrepreneurial Abilities of Technical Graduates and their Self-Employability in Tanzania
(MJRD, 2022-06-03) Raphael Charles; Kipene Visent
Entrepreneurship education is imperative for economic development and new economic strategies for fostering and generating jobs creating entrepreneurs. This paper therefore assesses the influence of entrepreneurial abilities on self-employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. It specifically identifies the entrepreneurial skills acquired by technical graduates from technical institutions and examined the influence of identified entrepreneurial skills on self-employment among the technical graduates in Tanzania. This study was approached quantitatively based on explanatory survey design. Data were collected using questionnaire from 350 technical graduates sampled using stratified simple random technique. The collected data were analyses using Multiple Linear Regressions. The findings show that to a great extent graduates from colleges and universities acquire technical entrepreneurial skills; business management and to a small extent personal entrepreneurial skills. The findings show further that business management was ranked highly as the leading entrepreneurial skill for self-employment among technical graduates. All three entrepreneurial skills were found to have positive and significant influence on self-employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. The study recommends that colleges, institutes and universities should emphatically inculcate all the entrepreneurial skills to students as they have significant contributions to graduates self-employment.
Entrepreneurial Abilities of Technical Graduates and their Self-Employability in Tanzania
(African Journal Of Accounting And Social Science Studies, 2022-06-30) Charles, Raphael; Kipene,Visent
Entrepreneurship education is imperative for economic development and new economic strategies for fostering and generating jobs creating entrepreneurs. This paper therefore assesses the influence of entrepreneurial abilities on self employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. It specifically identifies the entrepreneurial skills acquired by technical graduates from technical institutions and examined the influence of identified entrepreneurial skills on self-employment among the technical graduates in Tanzania. This study was approached quantitatively based on explanatory survey design. Data were collected using questionnaire from 350 technical graduates sampled using stratified simple random technique. The collected data were analysed using Multiple Linear Regressions. The findings show that to a great extent graduates from colleges and universities acquire technical entrepreneurial skills; business management and to a small extent personal entrepreneurial skills. The findings show further that business management was ranked highly as the leading entrepreneurial skill for self-employment among technical graduates. All three entrepreneurial skills were found to have positive and significant influence on self-employment among technical graduates in Tanzania. The study recommends that colleges, institutes and universities should emphatically inculcate all the entrepreneurial skills to students as they have significant contributions to graduates self-employment.
The Moderation Effects of Demographic Variables on Trust of Mobile Phone Banking Services; a Case Study of Smallholder Farmers in Dodoma Region, Tanzania
(South Asian Journal of Social Studies and Economics, 2022-07-08) Rwezaula , Anicet A.; Chachage, Bukaza L.; Tonya, Emmanuel M.
This study analyzed the moderation effect of demographic variables on the trust in mobile phone banking services among smallholder farmers in the Dodoma Region. The study employed a quantitative research design with cross-sectional field surveys and structured questionnaires were employed as the research methods. The study employed a sample size of 355 smallholder farmers who were drawn by simple random sampling from grapes farmers. SPSS was used as an analytical tool for quantitative data analysis. Multiple linear regressions and Fisher’s Z- transformation were involved to test the moderating effect of demographic variables. Results show that demographic factors namely sex, age, experience, level of income, level of education, and marital status were significant moderating variables. However, the level of education did not show any moderating effect. Our results suggest that by integrating the accessibility and ease of use from the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), age, sex, and experience from the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT), and security and privacy from the Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), the research provides insights into the factors influencing consumers’ trust in mobile phone banking services. Besides, the results of moderating effect improve our understanding of the demographic differences, which influence the degree of mobile banking adoption. Besides, the results of moderating effect improve our understanding of the demographic differences, which influence the degree of mobile banking adoption. This study will help researchers and service providers to come up with improved mobile phone trust frameworks with a greater understanding of the influence of demographic variables. No similar study had been done in sub-Saharan African countries. Therefore, the study provides new knowledge and insight into the influence of demographic variables on the trust in mobile phone banking services.
Performance of Vat System in Tanzania Since Enactment of The Vat Act in 2014
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-12) Nguvava, Heriel .E.; Athanas, Noah .N.
The 2014 Value Added Tax (VAT) reforms focused on reduction of the base alterations and broadening the tax base and also dealt with several legal drafting issues to enhance the effectiveness of the new VAT law with hopes of enhancing revenue collection. The objective of this article is to assess the performance of VAT system in Tanzania in terms of tax payer’s registration and collection efficiencies. This study adopted a quantitative paradigm whereby data were analysed quantitatively through descriptive statistics and ratio analysis for efficiency measurement. Only secondary data were used in this study. The sources of data were reports from the Tanzania Revenue Authority (TRA), the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS), the World Bank (WB), IMF and peer-reviewed journal articles on relevant subject matters. The study revealed a total of 4,575 taxpayers who were eligible to be registered for VAT but who were not captured by the VAT tax system by January 2022. As a result, the government is estimated to have lost about TZS 23,350.09 billion during that period. Furthermore, it was found that the contribution of VAT to GDP is 3.6 per cent which is below the country’s expectation threshold of 6 per cent annually and is below the East African Community member states’ average of 4.4 per cent. Both the VAT Efficiency and C-efficiency ratios were not performing well; their averages were 21.9 and 20.7 per cent respectively, below the EAC regional average of 25 per cent. It is recommended to the government to increase VAT registration threshold and reduce the VAT rate. TRA is urged to decentralize the registration of VAT taxpayers to regions so as to improve compliance and administrative efficiency. The study further recommends to TRA to audit the 4,575 taxpayers whose turnovers are above TZS 100 million but are not yet registered and captured within the VAT tax net.
Annualized Stock Market Returns Volatility: An Evidence of Dar es Salaam Stock Exchange
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-12) Mwidege, Asheri .M.
Financial market players raise a concern about returns volatility anomalies. Yet, the day effects of stock market return instability in the Dar es Salaam financial market are not known. The present study, investigated the day effects on returns using time series data for the years 1998 through 2020. The return of market stocks was analysed using Win Rat and E-views. The results showed that the day of and the month of the year outcome existed in the return equation only with a constant decay rate (  + = 0 . 75 ) meaning that the unpredictability forecast reverts to its unrestricted mean at the proportion of 0.75 per transaction period. Moreover, it was found that the lowest monthly returns spread were observed for TCC and the highest for the whole market while the maximum and nethermost daily returns occurred on Wednesdays and Tuesdays, respectively. Furthermore, it was found that the positive January effect was observed in the market and monthly mean returns were positive with the lowest returns in December. The study concludes that that day’s effects impacted the market stock return caused by the volatility effect on returns. It is therefore recommended that rational investors should invest in the market for their future gains.
Effects of Innovation on Business Performance: Empirical Evidence from Manufacturing Firms in Tanzania
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-12) Mwaifyusi,Hussein.A.; Dau,Ramadhani.K.
Regardless of its relevance for business performance, the influence of innovation on the performance of manufacturing firms in Tanzania is not well documented. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effects of innovation on business performance of manufacturing firms in Tanzania. The study used cross-sectional design and quantitative approach. Copies of a structured questionnaire were administered to 420 participants from 28 manufacturing companies in Dar es Salaam and Coast Regions. An impressive response rate of 93.1% was achieved. Data were tested for reliability using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Tests for normality, multicollinearity and autocorrelation were conducted, and the results showed the data were reliable, normally distributed, free of multicollinearity and autocorrelation problems. Descriptive and multiple regression statistical techniques were employed. The results suggested that a significant positive effect existed between performance of manufacturing firms and product innovation (B=0.705, p=0.001), process innovation (B=0.640, p=0.000) and marketing innovation (B=.818, p=0.000). The obvious implication to industry is that innovation is important to business success of the manufacturing companies, thus the governments should motivate firms to innovate continuously by giving incentives to invest in R&D. Past studies linking innovation and performance have focused on financial measures of performance. The major contribution of the current study is to use non-financial measures of performance such as business growth and responsiveness to change
The Mediation Effect of Business Environment on How Firm Characteristics Relate to Environmental Disclosure in Tanzania's Extractive Industry
(Tanzania Institute of Accountancy, 2022-12-31) Ntui, Ponsian; Chalu,Henry; Mzenzi, Siasa
This study determines the function of the business environment as a mediating factor on how firm characteristics relate to the environmental disclosure in the Tanzanian extractive industry through legitimacy and stakeholder theories lens. The analysis makes use of panel data from the 2018 Tanzania Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (TEITI) report covering the years 2004 to 2018, following the adoption of an environmental management Act and its implementing laws in Tanzania. To extract data from yearly reports, the manifest content analysis was employed. The results show that the relationship between corporate profitability, size, and environmental disclosure is mediated by pressure of stakeholders. Furthermore, the findings imply that the relationship between size of firm and environmental disclosure is mediated by visibility by the media. However, the legal need does not operate as a buffer between any firm characteristic and environmental disclosure, indicating that laws, regulations, and rules are not the only drivers of environmental disclosure. For the first time, the study introduces, quantifies, and examines the business environment as the only justification for environmental disclosure. The study combines legitimacy and stakeholder theories, treating businesses as entities with internal decision-making processes that are also influenced by pressure from the outside world. The study also suggests that enhancing environmental disclosure and business participation may not be possible with just rules or legislation. The study demonstrates that stakeholder theory works more effectively in situations when powerful stakeholders put significant pressure on businesses to disclose environmental information. In terms of society, the study would promote social involvement in ensuring that businesses disclose and protect the environment so that people can live in safety.
Influence of User Characteristics on the Effectiveness of LGAs’ Human Resource Information System in Tanzania
(G-CARD, 2023) Matimbwa, Hadija; Olatokun, Wole
The implementation of the Human Resource Information System (HRIS) in Local Government Authorities (LGAs) in Tanzania aimed at addressing shortcomings of methods in managing employee’s information. The shortcomings primarily involved outdated data concerning civil servants. This study explored how user characteristics impact the effectiveness of HRIS in Tanzanian LGAs, specifically focusing on information timeliness, completeness and accuracy. The study covered Mwanza, Arusha, Dodoma, Morogoro, Iringa and Kagera Regions. A questionnaire and an interview guide were used for data collection from 213 participants sampled form 249 HR stakeholders. A total of 201 respondents participated in the study. An ordered logistic regression model was employed for data analysis. The findings revealed that user characteristics such as IT skills, commitment and experience have an influence on the HRIS effectiveness. Therefore, it is crucial to prioritize IT skills training to foster commitment among HRIS staff and promote knowledge sharing among in order to ensure successful implementation of HRI within the LGAs.
Human Capital Management Information System: Scope of Application and Challenges Facing the Public Sector in Tanzania
(Regional Institute of Information and Knowledge Management, 2024-04) Matimbwa,Hadija; Olatokun,Wole
Rationale of Study – Human Capital Management Information Systems (HCMIS) play a crucial role in facilitating decision-making within Human Resources Management by providing fast, accurate, and comprehensive data. To understand the landscape of HCMIS implementation and challenges within the public sector of Tanzania, this study conducted a systematic review of policies, legislation, and scientific literature. Methodology – The study assessed the extent of HCMIS utilisation in the Tanzanian public sector and examined associated challenges using the task-technology fit model. To analyse the gathered data, a systematic qualitative synthesis employing nomothetic-based content analysis was used. Findings – The analysis revealed that HCMIS usage in the public sector primarily focused on payroll management, with additional applications in employee information management, recruitment and selection, performance management, training and development, benefits administration, analytics and reporting, and succession planning. The five key challenges hindering HCMIS applications were also identified. Implications – The study recommends expanding the scope of HCMIS applications, improving interdepartmental coordination, ensuring adequate and consistent budget allocation for the acquisition of HCMIS accessories by Ministries, Departments, and Local Government Authorities (MDAs and LGAs), fostering greater support from top management to enhance HCMIS operations, and revising ICT and HR programme curricula in higher educational institutions to incorporate specialised courses in HCMIS operations. Originality – This study contributes to the existing literature by providing a comprehensive examination of HCMIS implementation and challenges within the Tanzanian public sector. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, practitioners, and academia.
What Accounts for Graduates Intentions of Being Self Employed? An Evidence of Mbeya University of Science and Technology and Teofilo Kisanji University, Tanzania.
(IJMT, 2024-07) Mwidege, Asheri M.; Ngimba, Christopher
It has been recognized that the route for young graduates from tertiary universities to the labor market is far from straightforward. However, little is known on what accounts for graduates intentions of self employment. This study therefore, assessed factors that account for graduates intentions to self employment along their specializations. This study employed quasi experimental approach and stratified purpose sampling plan to select finalist students from both Mbeya University of Science and Technology and Teofilo Kisanji University. Closed ended questionnaires were used to collect cross sectional data in which 388 students were interviewed. Descriptive statistics and non parametric approaches were methods for data analysis. Survey findings showed that there were an increase of interviewed respondents to become self employed from 29.4% to 39.7% before and after university studies. Also, there were an increase of respondents from 18.3% to 47.7% and 9.3% to 36.9% in business and technician activities accordingly before and after graduation. It is therefore concluded that specialization accounts for 32.7% and 100% to self employment and activities of graduates’ intentions, respectively. Thus, it is recommended that universities should associate specializations with self employment.

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