Journal Articles

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Diversity and Abundance of Arthropods at Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Tanzania.
(INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH, 2016-09-06) Ojija, Fredrick
Despite the high abundance of arthropods in many terrestrial environments, our understanding of their ecological diversity and abundance remain unknown in some habitats. The aim of this study is to assess the abundance, diversity and species richness of some arthropods found in grassland and woodland habitats at Mbeya University of Science and Technology in Tanzania. A total of 1719 arthropods belonging to 63 species under 12 orders and 46 families were collected. Parameters such as Shannon index, Simpson index, Margalef index, Evenness index and Sorenson similarity index were used to analyse the diversity of arthropods. Result showed that, Hymenoptera (33.101%), Coleoptera (28.098%) and Orthoptera (17.510%) were the most dominant orders, whereas the least abundant order were Diptera (0.814%) and Scolopendromorpha (0.291%). The grassland showed high species richness, Margalef index (D = 6.930), abundance (n = 1177), Evenness (E = 0.854) and Shannon diversity (H = 3.339) of arthropods. The abundance of arthropod groups between grassland and woodland differed significantly(p<0.05). Sorensen similarity index in both habitats showed 53.5% similarity. Therefore, result indicates that the grassland habitat has the potential to support arthropod diversity and act as effective refugia for some arthropods from woodland.
Current Trend on Plant Species Diversity and Productivity Potential among Community Conserved Ngitili Subjected to Grazing Pressure in Kishapu District, Tanzania
(IJSRED, 2020-04) Malunguja Gisandu K.; Devi Ashalata
Ngitili is the common practice among the Sukuma ethnic community in Tanzania, which involves retaining an area of standing vegetation during the rainy season and opening it up for grazing at the peak of the dry season. Exposure of Ngitili into extensive grazing has been associated with species alteration in terms of diversity and productivity. We conducted a field study to assess the trend of Ngitili, in Kishapu district of Tanzania. A phytosociological survey was carried to recognize vegetation composition using a point sampling technique. Regeneration potential was determined based on the population size of seedlings, saplings and adults. Herbaceous and tree species productivity potential was computed based on established allometric models. We recorded a total of 66 plant species, of which 20 were grasses, 18 were forbs, and 28 were trees. The dominant grass species were, Aristida spp. (28.9%) while Monechma debile (4.6%) was the dominant forb species. Importance Value Index recorded, Acacia drepanolobium (45.4) and Balanite aegyptica (42.9) as dominant trees species. The majority of the tree (51.8%) exhibiting a “Not regenerating” condition. A diversity of 1.8 to 2.4, with a stocking potential of 1.23±0.05 tDM ha-1 , 512.07±193.86 stems/ha, and 5.66±0.21 tCha-1, for herbaceous and tree species was recorded, respectively. Therefore, the sustainability of Ngitili in Kishapu are highly threatened by ongoing grazing pressure.
Finite Difference and Shooting Methods for Two-Point Boundary Value Problems: A Comparative Analysis
(MUST Journal of Research and Development (MJRD), 2020-05-03) Masenge, Ralph Peter and Malak, Sospeter Shikulu
Finite difference and shooting methods are popular with numerical practitioners in solving two-point boundary value problems governed by ordinary differential equations. However, the available literature is silent on which method is the most suitable with respect to accuracy, efficiency, stability, and convergence. In this article, finite difference and shooting methods are applied to solve numerically three types of two-point boundary value problems. One problem is governed by a linear non-stiff differential equation, a second problem is governed by a linear stiff differential equation, and a third problem is governed by a non-linear differential equation. The analytical solution of each problem is given. These solutions are used in assessing the accuracy attained by each of the numerical methods. It is known a prior that finite difference schemes based on central difference quotients in approximating derivative terms are numerically stable. Numerical experiments carried out on the three problems lead to the conclusion that, for linear non- stiff equations, linear shooting gives significantly more accurate results compared to finite difference methods. However, in the case of linear stiff equations, the finite difference method gives very accurate results while the shooting method fails totally, displaying serious instability. As for problems governed by nonlinear equations, although both finite difference and shooting methods converge, the shooting method converges significantly faster than its counterpart. With respect to the attribute of efficiency, finite difference methods are more efficient than shooting methods due to the ease with which the Runge - Kutta initial value problem solver can be applied.
Statistical Modeling of the Factors Affecting Mathematics Performance in Secondary Schools: A Case of Kigoma Region
(MUST Journal of Research and Development (MJRD), 2020-10-04) Jeremiah, January, Shaban, Nyimvua and Rashid, Mohamed
This work was based on analysis of factors affecting mathematics performance for the purpose of developing multiple linear regression models by using Ordinary Least Squares Method. The data was collected in Kigoma region from five selected secondary schools. This study analysed students’ observed performance data of 92 and 89 selected samples for both basic mathematics and advanced mathematics respectively. Principal Component Analysis method was used to reduce 30 Likert scaled observed variables and filter out latent factors which affect mathematics performance. Latent independent factors namely; students’ self-efficacy and self concept towards mathematics, students’ engagement time in mathematics, students` motivation and evaluation strategies, mathematics teachers and resource availability, students’ mathematical intelligence and access to learning materials, and the school mathematics learning environment were found to be significant factors that influence performance in either Basic or Advanced mathematics. Sensitivity analysis was carried out by construction of partial regression plots and standardized regression coefficient rank approaches. For both basic mathematics and advanced mathematics, students’ performance was predicted using regression models that incorporated independent factors which explained 88.6% and 66.4% of variance in mathematics performance for each model respectively. All significant factors were tested using t-test and found that each factor have positive correlation with mathematics performance. Finally using 95% confidence interval, the simulation of predicted performance was done using simple scatter plots for each model. The scatter plots verified that the predicted mathematics performance reflect real life situation at 0.05 level of significance.
Advanced Level Student Competences In Doing Biology Practical: The Case Of Dissection Of Frog In Kinondoni And Bagamoyo Districts, Tanzania
(IJRISS, 2021) Kibani, Leoncia H.
This study examined students’ learning competences of biology practical skills during dissection of animal specimen Frog/Toad in A’level secondary schools in Kinondoni and Bagamoyo district. Mixed method approach and case study design were employed. Biology practical sessions were examined in 10 secondary schools, five from each district. Participants involved 10 form six biology students and 2 teachers from each school. Data were collected through interview with teachers, focus group discussion with students and participatory observation. Sampling was purposively to teachers and randomly to students. Qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed thematically and descriptively respectively. Findings includes: A’level students were not competent in dissecting frog. Students lack practical technical skills in dissection, lack clear knowledge on the internal features of frog, lack knowledge on the ethics of dissection processes, lack familiarity of some dissecting materials and skills in using dissecting tools. There was limited practical guides and facilities needed for dissection. The study concludes that teachers need to be trained on how to teach practical lessons. The study recommend the government to supply guides and dissecting kits to all schools and make a follow on what and how students are learning practical lessons
Mathematical Analysis of Harvested Predator-Prey System with Prey Refuge and Intraspecific Competition
(Tanzania Journal of Science, 2021) Mapunda, Alanus; Sagamiko, Thadei
In this paper, a predator-prey relationship in the presence of prey refuge was studied. The analysis of the dependence of locally stable equilibrium points on the parameters of the problem was carried out. Bifurcation and limit cycles for the model were analyzed to show the dynamical behaviour of the system. The results showed that the system is stable at a constant prey refuge m = 0.3 and prey harvesting rate H = 0.3. However, increasing m and decreasing H or vice versa, the predator-prey system remains stable. It was further observed that for a constant prey refuge m ≥ 0.78, the predator population undergoes extinction. Therefore, m was found to be a bifurcation parameter and m = 0.78 is a bifurcation value
Support Children to Develop Desire in Science, Technical and Technology Education: The Case of Kinondoni Pre-Primary Classroom, Tanzania
(Open Access, 2021) Kibani, Leoncia Henerico
Recent studies have shown that science, technical and technological fields are underrepresented academically and professionally from school to university level. The interests in learning such fields can be traced back from early childhood education to higher learning levels. Studies revealed that teaching and learning materials either guided or free when integrated into children’s games and plays become valuable resources that create desires into learning these subjects. This study therefore, explored on the supportive teaching and learning materials employed by teachers and parents in children’s game and plays to build their desire and interests of learning the subjects. The study was conducted in Kinondoni district, Tanzania. The study employed a mixed method approach based on descriptive survey design. The study collected data from 230 participants in 20 pre-primary classes. Purposive sampling was for teachers and parents. Random stratifies sampling technique adopted to get pre-primary classes. Findings revealed that children curiosity and interest in learning science, technical and technological elements are impacted by improper and inadequate supportive learning materials. Also, types of plays and games engaged in, classroom environment, parent’s participation in children plays and communication done to children. Majority 20 (100%) teacher were employing certain common games and plays those bored children. Many 16 (80%) teachers do not implement recommended supportive materials effectively. The study concluded that supported children demonstrate curiosity and interest which build foundation for future professionals, expertise and specialists. The study recommends for positive support to children’s ideas, natural curiosity and perspectives to enhance their interest in learning science, technical and technology aspects.
Comparative Study of Bachelor of Civil Engineering Curricula in Higher Learning Institutions in Tanzania: A Systematic Review
(IISTE, 2021) Mhando, Yusuph B.; Kifanyi, Gislar E.
This paper compares the curricula of Bachelor degree in the field of civil engineering. This helps improving the quality of curriculum that generates demand driven engineering graduates with an equal competency in the context of labour market. Descriptive survey was adopted, and a checklist of courses from purposively selected higher learning institutions was used. Constant comparative analysis to categorize types of information investigated was adopted. Findings indicate that Bachelor degree programme in civil engineering at Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT), Mbeya University of Science and Technology (MUST) and St. Joseph College of Engineering and Technology (SJCET) has duration of 3 or 4 years depending on the entry qualification of the student, whereas at Arusha Technical College (ATC) it takes 3 years to complete the programme. On the other hand, inconsistency on the number of courses and academic loads offered in these institutions was revealed. The study suggests a joint development of curricula for training programmes. This could help trainers, researchers, curricula developers and policy makers to harmonize and minimize discrepancies of the curricula contents of the same programme offered in different institutions.
Perceptions of Primary School Pupils on the Value of Education as a Determinant to Sustained Learning Motivation
(MUST Journal of Research and Development (MJRD), 2021-02-05) Sumbizi, Enerico John and Kyando, Newton M
Globally, value of Education is gaining heightened attentions. What counts as values of Education are the benefits gained from Education in wide sphere of life: political, economical and socially. However, for society to benefit from Education, Post-primary Education opportunities should be provided to the majority. This paper investigates Primary School pupil’s perceptions on the value of Education as motivation to participate in learning process. Increased opportunity to access Secondary Education in Tanzania has not been well taped by the community members despite available schools in proximities. Little is known about learner related factors for youth failures to participate in Secondary Schooling whereas opportunities are available. A cross-section survey design study was conducted in the Katavi region, Mpanda in Tanzania to investigate stakeholders' perceptions of the value of Post-primary Education as a motivational factor for children to engage in learning. A sample of 286 participants was selected through simple random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using questionnaires, focused group discussions, and interview guides. The analysis was done using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 20 and Excel 2007. Descriptive statistics and cross-tabulation results were presented using tables and graphs. The study reveals that 73% of respondents supported that Post- primary Education is valuable nowadays,42% indicated that Secondary Education promote social recognition and 40% indicated that Secondary Education is a ladder to higher learning, professionalism and better life. However, the study revealed that unemployment and low-quality Education has a negative influence on Primary School pupils to actively participate in the lifelong learning process. It was concluded that the value of Education from a community perspective creates negative feedback to children on the decision to engage in the learning process. The study recommends that, stakeholders should collaborate with the government to improve the quality of Education that will prepare the youth well.
Quantitative Assessment and Predicting the Effects of Soil Pollutants on Herbaceous Biomass Production in Reserved Forests.
(Springer, 2021-05-12) Malunguja, Gisandu K.; Devi, Ashalata
Heavy metal concentrations in surface soils of Reserved Forests (RFs) have a significant impact on understorey herbaceous layer. However, research on their effects on herbaceous productivity and ecological risk in Assam’s RFs is still scarce. Thus, we undertook an eco logical study to gain a better understanding of this. Levels of ecological risks were assessed using geostatistical indices, and the impacts of metals on productivity were predicted using Pearson’s correlation and regression analysis. Results identified a total of 64 herbaceous plants (13 grasses, 42 forbs, and 09 climbers) from 29 families and 61 genera. According to IVI, the dominating grasses, forbs, and climbers were Cynodon dactylon, Datura stramonium, and Piper betle, respectively. Herbaceous productivity was strongly negatively correlated with heavy metals (i.e. Cr (- 94%), Cd (- 83%), Pb (75%), Ni (- 65%), for grasses; and Ni (- 89%), Cr (- 74%), Pb (- 66%), Cd (- 59%) for forbs). This suggested that metals are strong predictors of herbaceous productivity with a significant impact. Meanwhile, the contamination and pollution levels ranged from slightly to severely contaminated and from moderately to highly polluted. Among the metals, Pb and Cd were highly contaminating with significant implications on productivity. Regression analysis found that metals exerted a considerable impact, accounting for approximately 43.4%, 61.7%, 80.0%, and 49.3% of the variances in Cd, Cr, Ni, and Pb, respectively. The empirical model for predicting metals’ Y effects on productivity is: ˆ = 24.977 ? 288.607Cd ? (- 149.635Cr) ? (- 6.534 Ni) ? (- 6.656Pb). Therefore, policymakers must devise efficient metal discharge mitigation techniques in the RFs
A Note on Fractional-Order Model for Cholera Disease Transmission with Control Strategies
(Mbeya University of Science and Technology, 2021-12-29) Helikumi,Mlyashimbi; Lolika,Paride O.
In this paper, we formulated and analyzed a fractional-order model for cholera disease transmission that consists of human population and surrounding environment. Three control strategies namely: health education campaigns, hygiene practices, and treatment of infected individuals are investigated. We divided the human pop- ulation into three sub-classes namely: Susceptible, infected and recovered classes. The main assumptions on the disease transmission were that susceptible humans acquire the disease through contact with either infected humans or directly from environment. Mathematical analysis of the model was carried out and the threshold quantity R0 which determine the existence of the disease in the population was determined. The model analysis showed that the disease exist in the population whenever R0 > 1 and dies wherever R0 ≤ 1. It was also noted that both the disease-free and endemic equilibria are globally stable. Further more, we performed the numerical simulations of the model and the results showed that the order of derivatives have the influence on spread of cholera disease in the population. It was also noted that both the aforementioned control strategies have the potential to minimize the spread of cholera in the community.
Global Dynamics of Fractional-order Model for Malaria Disease Transmission
(Asian Research Journal of Mathematics, 2022) Helikumi, Mlyashimbi; Lolika, Paride O.
In this study, we formulated and analyzed a fractional-order model for malaria disease transmission using Atangana-Beleanu-Caputo in sense to study the effects of heterogeneity vector biting exposure on the human population. To capture effects the heterogeneity vector biting exposure, we sub-divided the human population into two sub-groups namely; the population in high and low risk areas. In the model analysis, we computed the basic reproduction number R0 and qualitatively used to assess the existence and extinction of disease in the population. Additionally, we used the fixed point theorem to prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions. Numerical schemes for both Euler and Adam-Bathforth-Moulton are present in details and used in model simulations. Furthermore, we performed the numerical simulation to support the analytical results in this study. From numerical simulations, we estimated the values of model parameters using least square fitting method for the real data of malaria reported in Zimbabwe. The sensitivity analysis of the model parameters was done to determine the correlation between model parameters and R0. Finally, we used the Euler and Adam-Bashforth-Moulton scheme to simulate the model system using estimated parameters. Overall, we noted that fractional-order derivatives have more influence on the dynamics of malaria disease in the population.
Community Structure, Conservation Status, and Functional Groups of Bird Species in Mbeya Range Forests, Tanzania
(Science Education Technology, 2022-03-07) Ojija, Fredrick; Manyanza, Ndaki M.
The Mbeya range forest reserves (MRFRs) of the southern highland of Tanzania are an important hotspot for biodiversity conservation. However, its avian biodiversity has hardly ever been studied. Thus, for the first time, this study presents the inventory of bird species from MRFRs, demonstrating community structure, functional group, and conservation status. The study was carried out in four forest areas (i.e., Idugumbi, Kawetire, Mount Loleza, and Muvwa) within the MRFRs. The bird survey was carried out monthly between March 2018 and June 2018. Standardised line and point counts, as well as mist netting, were used to collect data. A total of 1052 individual birds, representing 41 species and 22 families, were recorded. Relative abundance, Shannon and Simpson species diversity, and species richness were high in Idugumbi forest and lowest in Kawetire forest. Species diversity differed significantly between the four forest areas. Moreover, Idugumbi and Muvwa had relatively low species composition dissimilarity compared to other forest areas. Different bird functional groups, i.e., insectivores, granivores, nectarivores, carnivores, frugivores, or combinations of these, were recorded in MRFRs. The insectivores were twice as abundant as granivores and nectarivores. The multi–layered vegetation structure of native plants in the Idugumbi forest appears to benefit and contribute to bird communities. The study reveals that MRFRs are an important hotspot for bird species that require ecological monitoring and protection. As a result, appropriate land–use practices near MRFRs should be followed to ensure long–term avian conservation
Fixed point theorems for extended interpolative Kanann- iri¢-Reich-Rus non-self type mapping in hyperbolic complex-valued metric space
(Euro-Tbilisi Mathematical Journal, 2023) Wangwe, Lucas; Rathour, Laxmi; Mishra, Lakshmi N.; Mishra, Vishnu N.
This paper aims to demonstrate the xed point theorem for extended interpolative non-self type contraction mapping in hyperbolic complex-valued metric spaces. We provide an example for veri cation of the results. Further, as an application, we prove the existence and uniqueness of solutions for a class of Hadamard partial fractional integral equations by applying some fixed point theorems.
The Functional Diversity of Microbial Communities in the Multi‑Compartment Biofilters of Shrimp Mariculture Effluents Using 16S rRNA Metabarcoding.
(Springer, 2023-07-18) Lukwambe, Betina; Nicholous, Regan; Zheng, Zhongming
Microbes play important roles in mariculture biofilter systems, such as biogeochemical cycling of nutrients and organic matter degradation. However, their functional diversity for nutrient removal in shrimp mariculture effluents influenced by multi-compartment biofilters remained elusive. This study explored the functional diversity of microbial communities for nutrient removal in the multi-compartment biofilters of shrimp mariculture effluents. We explored the bacterial taxonomy using Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene, and the ecological functional diversity of the bacteria was assigned using Functional-Annotation-of-Prokaryotic-Taxa analysis (FAPROTAX). According to the Illumina dataset, there was a high heterogeneity, with phase two (P2) treatment showing significant reversible shifts in microbial communities’ population and biogeochemical dynamics relative to phase one (P1). The genera Candidatus aquiluna, Marivita, HTCC , Anaerospora, and Arcobacter were abundant in both stages and may have the functional capability of biodegrading inorganic matter (OM). FAPROTAX results showed that the predominant functional groups (P1 and P2) for nutrient removal were related to chemo-heterotrophy. Furthermore, the nitrate-reduction and nitrate-ammonification were highly significant (P < 0.05) at P2, resulting in an average removal efficiency of 81.39% for total nitrogen (TN) and 80.63% for total phosphorus (TP). The results suggested that incorporating multicompartment biofilters in the system provides a suitable substrate environment for the potential proliferation of Proteobacteria, Nitrospirae, and Bacteroidetes. Overall, this study enlightens the potential roles of the microbial communities under the influence of biofilters in promoting the feasible and most efficient bioremediation approaches for mariculture effluents.
Beyond Food Preparation: Potential of the Field of Food Science and Technology in Tanzania and Beyond
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2023-09) A., Ahmed; H., Zaharan
What comes to mind when you hear the phrase "food science and technology" (FST)? One of the authors asked some students who were visiting the Mbeya University of Science and Technology during the Annual Agricultural Exhibition, Nanenane, in August 2022. Their responses were unsurprising because they were very similar to how many people perceive the FST field. Most people mistakenly associate FST with other programmes like Hotel Management and Food and Beverage Production and believe it is all about cooking. Of course, someone with experience in food and beverage production is highly likely to pursue further education in the field of food science and technology. The FST is an interdisciplinary field as opposed to a specific discipline. This review aimed to raise awareness of the FST field among the general public. As a result, we have discussed in great detail in this paper how the field of FST relates to other branches of science, technology, economics, and social sciences. A thorough understanding of the FST field is anticipated to raise awareness of how FST knowledge and abilities can be crucial for leveraging the national economy at both the micro and macro levels through food processing, preservation, quality assurance and safety, and business. To support the nation's vision and Sustainable Development Goals, policy amendments are also advised to integrate the FST into various frameworks.P
Effect of Fruit Acidulants and Storage Conditions on the Physicochemical, Microbiological and Sensory Characteristics of Paneer
(East African Journal of Science, Technology and Innovation, 2023-09) A, Ahmed; P, Aggarwal; U, Bajwa
Paneer is an unripened soft cheese mainly used by Indians and Pakistans, and it does not require the rennet enzyme. It is prepared by coagulating heated milk with acid. However, fresh paneer has a short shelf life of up to 2 days at ambient temperature. In this study, paneer was prepared from lemon and amla fruit acidulants and stored at room and refrigeration temperatures. Then, the paneer samples were analysed for their physicochemical properties, texture profile, microbiological counts and sensory attributes during storage at room and refrigeration temperatures. The type of acidulant, storage temperature and time significantly affected the paneer's physicochemical properties (p<0.05). . However, the changes were rapid in samples stored at room temperature. Moreover, paneer coagulated using fruit acidulants had a higher shelf life and retention of functional properties. Furthermore, the paneer from fruit acidulants had high acceptability, comparable to the control, usually made from citric acid. Therefore, preparing paneer from fruit acidulants with improved functionality, shelf life, and acceptability is possible. Thus, adapting the technology of making paneer with acidulant fruits would reduce milk and fruit postharvest loss, promote a sustainable diet and create market potential for the novel milk product in India and the world at large
Worthiness of the Leadership Style Used by Heads of Schools in Kigamboni Municipality, Tanzania.
(Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education, 2024) Sumbizi, Enerico; Chandafa, Moabu Jimmy
The study was premised on the argument that leaders and their leadership styles have a significant contribution to enhancing attainment of the schools’ goals and objectives. The study sought to achieve one objective intended to explore the worthiness of the leadership style used by heads of schools in Kigamboni Municipality, Tanzania. Sampling was purposive to four (4) head of schools, twenty-eight (28) teachers, four (4) academic masters and one (1) Municipal educational officer thus forming a sample of thirty-seven (37) participants from four secondary schools in Kigamboni Municipality. Data collection methods were interviews and focus group discussions. These enabled the researcher to gather multiple sources of information on the worthiness of leadership style used by heads of schools in Kigamboni Municipality, Tanzania. Thematic analysis based on six steps used to analyse the obtained data. Findings were presented using percentages and quotations obtained from the participants. The analysis of data revealed that heads of schools used more democratic and autocratic leadership style. There are some evidence to support that some heads of schools used laissez faire leadership style which negatively or positively affected teachers’ job performance and attainment of the pre determined goals and objectives. The study recommends heads of schools to employ a mix of leadership styles in their leadership practices. The use of mixed leadership styles has the potential to enable different styles to complement each other thus enabling teachers to be productive within the schools.
Emerging Environmental Contaminants: Sources, Effects on Biodiversity and Humans, Remediation, and Conservation Implications
(Sage, 2024) Ojija, Fredrick
Ecosystems, biodiversity, and the human population all depend on a quality or uncontaminated envir onment. Quality environment provides people and wildlife access to nutrition, medications, dietary sup plements, and other ecosystem services. The conservation of biodiversity—that is, species richness, abundance, heredities, and diversity—as well as the control of climate change are facilitated by such an uncontaminated environment. However, these advantages are jeopardized by newly emerging envir onmental chemical contaminants (EECCs) brought on by increased industrialization and urbanization. In developing countries, inadequate or poor environmental policies, infrastructure, and national standards concerning the usage, recycling, remediation, control, and management of EECCs hasten their effects. EECCs in these countries negatively affect biodiversity, ecological services and functions, and human health. This review reveals that the most deprived or vulnerable local communities in developing coun tries are those residing near mining or industrial areas and cultivating their crops and vegetables on contaminated soils, as is wildlife that forages or drinks in EECC-contaminated water bodies. Yet, people in these countries have limited knowledge about EECCs, their threats to human well-being, ecosystem safety, and the environment, as well as remediation technologies. Besides, efforts to efficiently control, combat, regulate, and monitor EECCs are limited. Thus, the review aims to increase public knowledge concerning EECCs in developing countries and present a comprehensive overview of the current status of EECCs. It also explores the sources and advancements in remediation techniques and the threats of EECCs to humans, ecosystems, and biodiversity.
Common Beans Imagery Dataset for Early Detection of Bean Rust and Bean Anthracnose Diseases
(Elsevier, 2024) Laizer, Hudson; Mduma, Neema; Machuve, Dina; Maganga, Reinfrid
Common bean plays a crucial role in the agricultural sector in Tanzania. To most smallholder farmers, the crop serves as a principal source of protein and an essential source of in come. Despite its significance, common bean production is often affected by diseases, particularly bean rust and bean anthracnose, resulting in low yields and diminished eco nomic returns. To address this challenge, a comprehensive dataset of common bean leaf images has been collected by using smartphone cameras to capture the visual character istics of healthy and diseased leaves. The dataset contains more than 59,072 labeled images, offering a valuable re source for developing machine learning models and user friendly tools capable of early detection and diagnosis of bean rust and bean anthracnose diseases. The aim of gen erating this dataset is to facilitate the development of ma chine learning tools that will empower agricultural extension officers, smallholder farmers, and other stakeholders in agri culture to promptly identify and diagnose affected crops, en abling timely and effective interventions before causing sig nificant economic loss. By equipping farmers with the knowledge and tools to combat these diseases, we can safeguard bean production, enhance food security, and strengthen the economic well-being of smallholder farmers in Tanzania and other parts of Africa.

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