Journal Articles

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Examination seating optimization using graph coloring and combinatorial design
(ELSEVIER, 2026-05-12) Kibona, Isack E; January, Jeremiah,; Matimbwa, Hadija; Nchia, Edwin; Matungwa, William; Vuai, Said A.H
This paper presents an optimization approach for exam seating in universities with limited infrastructure, based on a mixed-course allocation model. Students in different courses share rooms while maintaining spatial separation to improve academic integrity. The model incorporates a theoretical probability of interaction, which decreases as the number of mixed courses in a room increases. Using real data with 5175 students, the proposed model significantly improves upon the traditional method. Although the traditional approach required 35 rooms with a total capacity of 7269, the proposed model utilized only 12 large rooms, leaving 23 rooms unused and saving about 2475 seats. The unused space within the occupied rooms was minimal (approximately 29 seats), indicating near-optimal utilization. The invigilation requirement was reduced from at least 70 to 36, achieving nearly 50% savings. Small-enrollment and carryover courses are efficiently integrated and sorted. The model is formulated using graph coloring and combinatorial optimization, supported by a simple allocation algorithm.
Photochromic and fluorescence switching behavior of triazole-functionalized fulgimides:
(ELSEVIER, 2026-05-11) Ally, Khamis Nassor; Tsere, Melkizedeck Hiiti; Vuai, Said Ali; Lameck, Azaria Stephano; Oztürk , Leyla; K¨ose , Mahmut
Integrating photochromism and fluorescence switching within a single molecular platform remains a central challenge in the development of light-regulated functional materials. Here, we report a structure-encoded design strategy based on the direct covalent incorporation of a 1,2,4-triazole unit into the imide framework of fulgimides, yielding three new photoresponsive molecules (4E–6E). Experimentally, all compounds exhibit photochromism based on the interconversion between open and closed forms. This is accompanied by large visible-range spectral contrast and reversible fluorescence ON/OFF switching under alternating UV and visible light. The open-ring forms are strongly emissive, while photoinduced cyclization produces systematic fluorescence quenching (20–40%) governed by intramolecular energy transfer to the conjugated closed-ring core. Density functional and time-dependent DFT calculations quantitatively reproduce the observed experimental absorption behavior and reveal pronounced π-delocalization and HOMO-LUMO gap narrowing upon ring closure, establishing clear structure–property relationships. Among the series, compound 6E shows the most favorable electronic and optical characteristics. These results identify triazole-imide coupling as a generalizable molecular engineering route for multifunctional organic photo-switches and advance their potential for optical memory, sensing, and adaptive photonic applications.
Examination Seating Optimization Using Graph Coloring and Combinatorial Design
(ELSEVIER, 2026) Kibona, Isack E.; January, Jeremiah; Matimbwa, Hadija; Nchia, Edwin; Matungwa, William; Vuai, Said A.H.
This paper presents an optimization approach for exam seating in universities with limited infrastructure, based on a mixed-course allocation model. Students in different courses share rooms while maintaining spatial separation to improve academic integrity. The model incorporates a theoretical probability of interaction, which decreases as the number of mixed courses in a room increases. Using real data with 5175 students, the proposed model significantly improves upon the traditional method. Although the traditional approach required 35 rooms with a total capacity of 7269, the proposed model utilized only 12 large rooms, leaving 23 rooms unused and saving about 2475 seats. The unused space within the occupied rooms was minimal (approximately 29 seats), indicating near-optimal utilization. The invigilation requirement was reduced from at least 70 to 36, achieving nearly 50% savings. Small- enrollment and carryover courses are efficiently integrated and sorted. The model is formulated using graph coloring and combinatorial optimization, supported by a simple allocation algorithm
Performance Dynamics of Batch Arrival Feedback Queue With General Second Optional Services, Server Breakdown and Standby Server
(AIMS, 2026) Pikkala, Vijaya L.; Kisakali, Justin; Gilaka, Anjalidevi; Qrewi, Hasan A.
This paper aims to analyze the steady state behavior of a bulk input general service queue with second optional service, breakdowns, general repair, and delay times. The server may experience random failures during the first essential and second optional services, and we assume there is a delay be- fore the server starts the repair process. The system is equipped with a standby server, which provides service to the customers only when the main server is under repair due to sudden failure or during the delay time for repair to start. Moreover, the service times first essential service and second optional service, delay times, and repair times have a general distribution, while the breakdown times and standby service times follow an exponential distribution. The steady state probabilities are computed using the probability generating function. Fi- nally, numerical illustrations of performance measures are provided
The Status, Strategies, and Consequences of Focusing on National Examinations in Secondary Schools’ Curriculum Implementation: The Case of Mbeya City, Tanzania
(MJRD, 2024-06-10) Msangi, R Emmanuel
Effective curriculum implementation enhances lifelong learning and is cemented by a holistic education practice. However, previous studies indicated the prevalence of an examination-focused approach to education delivery among secondary schools in Mbeya City, Tanzania. As such, the present study aimed to examine the current status, strategies, and consequences of secondary schools’ focus on national examinations. The study used a qualitative research design, purposively sampling twenty-four (24) well-informed respondents from four (4) secondary schools in Mbeya City. The findings revealed that secondary schools are still emphasising success in national examinations, adopting strategies that include conducting extra-class sessions, administering weekly and monthly tests, and establishing temporal dormitories. Consequently, these strategies deprive students of holistic learning and fail to align with secondary education objectives. The study recommends that regulators and secondary schools should consider adherence to curriculum objectives and the inclusion of extracurriculars as critical milestones for successful learning
EXPERIENCE IN PROMOTING FEMALE PARTICIPATION IN SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING TRAINING BY MBEYA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Msambichaka, 2008-02-29) Prof. Msambichaka, Joseph. J.; Dr. Minga, Lusajo M.
Mbeya Institute of Science and Technology is one of four Government Technical Institutions in Tanzania. Education and Training in these Technical Institutions are based on Science and Engineering fields. The basic catchments areas are the students who have completed Ordinary Secondary Schools Education with good passes in science subjects. More male students are opting to study science subjects in Ordinary Secondary Schools than female students. This attributes to more male students to enroll in Technical Institutions than female students due to the limited number of female students from the catchments areas. There are very few female students with good passes in science subjects who can be enrolled in these Institutions. In order to promote female participation in science and engineering fields, technical institutions have adopted an affirmative action whereby female students with low passes in science subjects are provided with special access course programmes. Those who pass Access Course examinations are allowed to continue with the course of three years at technician level. This initiative has attributed to a promising progress in enrollments of female students in technical institutions. There are few challenges which Technical Institutions are facing; funding is one of the main challenges which negatively impact on this programme. Some of the female students with low passes in science subjects and who are interested with this field are coming from poor families, that they can not afford to pay a little tuition fee contributions, little payment for accommodation and they can not even afford to pay for their own meals. This paper explains the experience of Mbeya Institute of Science and Technology in using the Access Course Programmes to increase the female students’ enrollments in Science and Engineering training.
Assessing the Effect of Curricula Variation in Mathematics Teacher Education on Teaching Competency
(MJRD, 2023-12-02) Kihwele, Ezekiel Jimmy; Mgata, Fred
Curriculum development processes at universities are decentralised, resulting in varying subject-matter mastery levels among graduates. The paper examined the effect of teacher education curricula variation on mathematics teachers’ competencies. The study employed a case study design with 18 mathematics teacher graduates from nine teacher education institutions working in the Manyara region. The study used in-depth interviews, open-ended questionnaires, and documentary review methods to collect data. The findings revealed that despite mathematics teachers’ mastery of the subject matter, their competence slightly varied in some topics. There are mismatches between courses at different universities and topics in secondary schools that affect teaching competencies among teachers. Decentralised curriculum development at teacher training institutions results in dissonant curricula that produce different qualities in teachers. Despite various capacity-building mechanisms, teachers inadequately elevate their competencies. The study recommends the development of compulsory modules across teacher education institutions to reflect secondary curriculum requirements.
Artificial Intelligence-Driven Solutions for Mitigating Human–Wildlife Conflict in Biodiversity Hotspots
(Sage, 2025-04-23) Ojija,Fredrick; Ogwu,Matthew C.; Ally, Juma; John,John P.; Stephano,Azaria; Felix,Nancy; Tekka,Ramadhani
Biodiversity hotspots are biologically rich yet highly threatened regions that play a critical role in global conservation but often serve as epicentres of human–wildlife conflict (HWC). HWC poses major conservation and development challenges, undermining both human livelihoods and wildlife protection efforts. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers transformative tools for mitigating HWC by enhancing monitoring, prediction, and decision support. Through systematic searches of peer-reviewed and grey literature, this review analyzed 105 studies (1990–2025) from 163 screened sources, revealing that AI improved HWC monitoring (65%), predictive accuracy (47%), and community engagement (39%). AI-driven technologies such as machine learning, deep learning, and computer vision enable conservationists to process large datasets, automate species identification, and make real-time decisions. Integrated platforms like Earth Ranger and the Spatial Monitoring and Reporting Tool (SMART) use AI to manage data from rangers, camera traps, drones, and patrol logs, providing situational awareness and strategic planning tools. Furthermore, remote sensing, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and participatory data integration offer multi-layered insights for mapping HWC zones, tracking wildlife movement, and modelling species distribution. This review highlights the application of AI in conflict detection, community engagement, and decision support while addressing challenges, limitations, and ethical concerns. It also underscores the importance of policies and future research to integrate AI with local knowledge systems, participatory governance, and adaptive conservation strategies. Overall, AI advancements are transforming HWC surveillance and enabling more proactive, equitable, and sustainable biodiversity conservation efforts worldwide.
Hydrochemical evaluation and risk assessment of the Danube river, Hungary using Canadian indices, geochemical modeling, and simulation techniques
(Springer, 2025-09-15) Saeed, Omar; Székács, András; Mörtl, Mária; Jordán , Győző; Lameck ,Azaria Stephano; Al-Mashreki,Mohammed Hezam; Abukhadra ,Mostafa R.; El-Sherbeeny , Ahmed M.; Szűcs, Péter; Eid, Mohamed Hamdy
This study investigates the metals risks in the Danube River, Hungary, and identifies the natural and anthropogenic sources using geochemical modeling. In total, 76 water samples were collected from seven sites along the river during 2018. Physicochemical and heavy metals have been analyzed. Statistical tools, including Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA), were applied. Water quality was assessed using the Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI), Metal Pollution Index (MPI), Nemerow Composite Index (NCI), Hazard Quotient (HQ), Hazard Index (HI), and Carcinogenic Risk (CR). A probabilistic approach using Monte Carlo simulation was applied to evaluate uncertainty and health risks. Geochemical modeling revealed that the river is undersaturated with minerals like gypsum, anhydrite, and halite, but supersaturated with aragonite, dolomite, and calcite. The average CWQI (44.8) and Weighted Arithmetic Water Quality Index (WAWQI, 60.1) indicate that the water is unsuitable for drinking. However, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR=0.5), Sodium Percentage (Na% = 15.4), and Kelly’s Ratio (KR=0.2), suggest favorable conditions for agricultural use. The low ecological risk index (RI=0.5) and MPI (
Catalytic Upgrading of Ethanol to 1-Butanol Biofuel Additive Using Pd/MgO-Al2O3 and Bimetallic Pd-Cu/MgO-Al2O3 Mixed Oxide Catalysts
(MDPI, 2025-11-14) Makoye, Amosi; Lóny, Ferenci; Solt , Hanna E.; Cannilla , Catia; Bonura, Giuseppe; Novodárszki , Gyula; Barthos, Róbert; Valyon, József; Nagy, Tibor; Vikár , Anna
Catalytic upgrading of bioethanol via a C–C coupling reaction is a sustainable method of producing 1-butanol, a high-performance biofuel. This reaction was studied using a flow-through microreactor system with Pd/MgO-Al2O3 and bimetallic Pd-Cu/MgO-Al2O3 mixed oxide-based catalysts in a H2 carrier gas at a pressure of 21 bar and temperatures ranging from 200 to 350 ◦C. The effect of the metal promoter(s) on the hydrogen transfer reaction steps in the overall reaction was investigated. The palladium promoter significantly improved the activity and butanol selectivity across the entire temperature range. However, the yield of liquid products decreased significantly at temperatures higher than 250 ◦C, primarily because the decarbonylation side reaction of the acetaldehyde intermediate accelerated. The promoting effect of Pd was most beneficial below 250 ◦C because the decarbonylation reaction was inhibited by the reversible poisoning effect of CO on multiple Pd sites responsible for decarbonylation. Diluting the Pd phase with Cu increased liquid yields due to gradually decreasing decarbonylation activity. However, the dehydrogenation–hydrogenation activity decreased as well, as did the promoting effect on the corresponding reaction steps in the coupling reaction. Additionally, the product distribution changed dramatically, decreasing 1-butanol selectivity, because metallic Cu can catalyze the formation of ethyl acetate and ketone products
Modeling and optimal control of rotavirus transmission dynamics with cost effectiveness
(Elsevier B.V., 2025-12-29) January, Jeremiah; Mwanga, A. Gasper; Isack E.; Kibona b,; Shaban Mbare, Nyimvua
An optimal control model for rotavirus transmission was formulated to minimize both the cost of implementing interventions and the burden of infection among children and care-givers. The model integrates five time-dependent control functions: vaccination of children (𝑢1), public health education (𝑢2), treatment of infected children (𝑢3), water treatment and sanitation (𝑢4), and hygiene promotion (𝑢5). Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle was applied to derive the necessary conditions for optimality, and numerical simulations were conducted using the Runge–Kutta method to determine the optimal time-dependent control profiles and corresponding epidemiological outcomes. Simulation results at 𝑡 = 220 days indicate a substantial reduction in rotavirus infections among children and caregivers when integrated controls are applied. The number of infected and hospitalized children (𝐼𝑏 and 𝐻𝑏) approach zero, while the vaccinated population (𝑉𝑏) reaches approximately 2.58 × 107, confirming the central role of vaccination in suppressing new infections. The concentration of environmental rotavirus particles (𝐶𝑟) also tends to zero, highlighting the combined efficacy of hygiene and sanitation interventions in reducing environmental transmission. Among the evaluated control strategies, the combination of vaccination, treatment, and hygiene (𝑆13) emerges as both the most cost-effective and epidemiologically impactful strategy. This approach achieves near-complete elimination of child infections at a moderate total cost of approximately $6.17×1011, yielding the best balance between health outcomes and economic feasibility. In contrast, the single-control strategies (𝑆1–𝑆5) achieve minimal infection reduction despite lower costs, while multi-control strategies involving all five interventions (𝑆17) provide marginal epidemiological improvement at substantially higher cost. The cost-effectiveness analysis, expressed as cost per health unit reduced, identifies vaccination (𝑢1) and treatment (𝑢3) as the primary contributors to financial cost, while hygiene adherence (𝑢5), sanitation (𝑢4), and education (𝑢2) offer strong epidemiological benefits with minimal marginal cost. This demonstrates that optimal disease control is achieved when vaccination and treatment are combined with sustained hygiene practices rather than through expensive full scale interventions. Overall, the results confirm that targeted multi control strategies particularly 𝑆13p rovide the most practical and sustainable pathway for reducing rotavirus transmission, minimizing infections, and optimizing public health expenditure.
Thermodynamic Irreversibility of Steady Viscous Couette Flow With Convective Cooling and Temperature‐Dependent Viscosity
(Wiley Periodicals, 2025-07-17) Kigodi, Odeli J.; Masasila, Nyanga H.
The study on Thermodynamic Irreversibility of Steady Viscous Couette Flow with Convective Cooling and Temperature‐Dependent Viscosity reveals that increasing the pressure gradient parameter enhances both temperature and velocity profiles while reducing entropy production, indicating improved thermodynamic efficiency. Similarly, higher Reynolds numbers steepen the thermal and momentum boundary layers with complex patterns in entropy production caused by competing viscous and thermal effects, while increasing viscosity dampens velocity but retains more thermal energy, thereby reducing irreversibility’s. Rising Eckert numbers further amplify temperature yet lower entropy production due to viscous dissipation dominance, and higher Prandtl numbers improve heat transfer while reducing entropy production. Conversely, higher Brinkman numbers increase entropy production through intensified viscous dissipation, shifting the irreversibility contribution toward fluid friction, while elevated Biot numbers enhance convective heat transfer but raise entropy production near the boundary. The results show that key parameters markedly influence the coefficient of skin friction (Cf ) and coefficient of thermal convection (Nu), which regulate thermodynamic reversibility. While β1 and Bi decrease Nu with little effect on Cf , higher Ec and Re enhance Nu but reduce Cf , highlighting the coupled roles of frictional and thermal reversibility in entropy production. The novelty of this study lies in incorporating temperature‐dependent viscosity with convective cooling in the analysis of entropy production inviscous Couette flow, offering new insights into how simultaneous variations in key flow and thermal parameters govern the balance between frictional and thermal irreversibility’s. Overall, the results demonstrate that careful parameter tuning can significantly improve thermal performance and reduce irreversibility in Couette flow systems.
Fixed point theorems for interpolative orthogonal relational in TVS-valued cone metric spaces
(Mbeya University of Science and Technology, Mbeya, 2025) Wangwe, Lucas
This article explores the fixed point theorem for a novel class of interpolative relation theoretical convex mappings in TVS-valued cone metric spaces, integrating relational theory, convexity, and interpolation properties to offer fresh perspectives and possible uses in theoretical and applied mathematics. An application of the results to differential equations and matrix equations in the context of orthogonal TVS-valued cone metric spaces is presented, along with a constructive example to support the findings.
Insights into the Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Lead-Free Rb2NaIrF6 Double Perovskite Compound: A First-Principles Study.
(2025) Mbiloa,Mwende
Energy resources: Their causal relationship with ecology and environments
(Asia Pacific, 2025-01-15) Lyanda, Romanus Peter; Ojija, Fredrick
Energy resources are critical drivers of economic development and societal progress, but their extraction, conversion, and use have profoundly impacted ecological systems and the environment. Therefore, it is essential to explore the relationships between energy resources and the environment throughout history. This paper examines the causal relationships between energy resource utilization and environmental changes, addressing both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. We analyze the environmental consequences of energy extraction and consumption, including pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change, and evaluate sustainable approaches to mitigate these effects. Fossil fuels have been the primary source of energy and are major contributors to greenhouse gas emissions, air and water pollution, and habitat destruction, all of which exacerbate global climate change. On the other hand, renewable energy sources such as wind, solar, and hydroelectric power are considered more sustainable. However, they also have environmental impacts, such as habitat disruption and high resource consumption. Researchers argue that trade-offs must be managed between increasing energy use, facilitated by technological advancements, and achieving sustainability. Energy generation and ecological goals should not be viewed as opposing or irreconcilable. With the implementation of appropriate policies, measures, and guidelines, energy production can be aligned with efforts to mitigate climate change and promote sustainability.
Modelling campylobacteriosis dynamics: Impacts of contaminated animal products and environmental decontamination interventions
(Scientific African, 2025-09-01) Trazias a ,Herman; Lusekelo,Eva; Abas, Kasim Sakran
Campylobacteriosis is responsible for approximately 500 million cases of illness globally each year. Globally, human campylobacteriosis infections and contaminated animal products cause an estimated loss of 8.6 and 12.6 billion US dollars annually, respectively. The disease is transmitted through consumption of contaminated foods and water, licking unsanitary hands and contact with infected hosts. As global demand for animal products like meat and milk continues to grow, the transmission of campylobacteriosis through these products has become a critical concern. This study aims at utilising mathematical modelling and analysis techniques to quantify the effects of contaminated animal products and environmental decontamination interventions on campylobacteriosis dynamics in host populations. A mathematical model as a system of ordinary differential equations is proposed with human and cattle populations and contaminated animal products. The next-generation matrix method is applied to compute the effective reproduction number that describes disease persistence and extinction. The global stability of equilibria states is examined using the Lyapunov stability theory. The uncertainty and sensitivity of model parameters are examined using the Latin Hypercube Sampling and Partial Rank Correlation Coefficient methods. Model fitting and parameter estimations are performed using the least squares method alongside the human cases from January to August for the years 2017 to 2020 in the EU. The analysis indicates that the disease-free and endemic equilibria are globally asymptotically stable whenever and , respectively. The numerical results show that the ingestion rates of contaminated animal products, shedding rates and the natural replication rates of Campylobacter jejuni bacteria are directly proportional to , while the environmental cleanliness and the decay rate of Campylobacter jejuni bacteria are inversely proportional to . In order to reduce the impact of contaminated animal products, the study recommends a couple of strategies for reducing shedding rates, killing bacteria, and vaccinating infected hosts.
International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Optimization: Theory and Applications 11(3), 2025, Pages 88 - 107 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.17604615 Quantifying the Public Health Effects of Vaccine Hesitancy and Delays in Screening Clinically Infected Patients: Insights From a COVID-19 Transmission Model.
(International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Optimization: Theory and Applications, 2025-10-11) Lolika, Paride O.; Helikumi ,Mlyashimbi Kenneth Sube 3, Steady Mushayabasa 4; Sube , Kenneth; Mushayabasa,Steady
Motivated by the recent COVID-19 outbreak, we develop a time delay infectious disease model that incorporates vaccination and screening of clinically infected patients and calibrate it using Chinese data to understand the quantitative implications of vaccine hesitancy and delay in the screening of clinically infected patients. Vaccine hesitancy refers to the denial or delay in acceptance of vaccines despite their availability. Understanding the implications of vaccine hesitancy is therefore essential for designing public health interventions. Analysis of the model revealed that whenever R0 ≤ 1, there exists a globally asymptotically disease-free equilibrium. However, whenever R0 > 1, there exists a unique endemic equilibrium which is globally asymptotically stable. In addition, results also show that vaccine hesitancy and delay in hospitalizing clinically infected patients have a stronger impact on the deaths toll and new infections generated [1,2]. Vaccine hesitancy and delayed screening of clinically infected patients lead to harmonic oscillations in deaths and new cases, which, however, die out over time. Our findings underscore the importance of including vaccine hesitancy and delay in hospitalizing clinically infected patients in the design of control strategies for infectious diseases.
Insights into the Optoelectronic and Thermoelectric Properties of Lead-Free Rb2NaIrF6 Double Perovskite Compound: A First-Principles Study.
(Elsevier B.V, 2025-07-01) Mbiloa,Mwende; Musembib,Robinson; Kachirab,John Peter; Onsatea,Wisley Nyangau; Kehezea, Fanuel Mugwanga; Mapasha, Refilwe Edwin
This study investigated the structural, electronic, elastic, mechanical, thermodynamic, optical, and thermoelectric properties of the Rb2NaIrF6 lead-free double perovskite compound using first-principles methods. The structural stability of the perovskite was confirmed by the Goldschmidt tolerance and octahedral factors. Dynamic stability was confirmed through the negative energy of formation and positive frequency modes of the phonon dispersion curve. The dynamic stability results suggest that the studied compound could be potentially synthesised experimentally. The Rb2NaIrF6 compound is a direct semiconductor with electronic band gaps within the range of 2.14-3.76 eV, computed using different approximations. The mechanical stability was confirmed by the elastic calculation results. The Rb2NaIrF6 compound was found to be ductile, ionic, and anisotropic. The optical properties showed that Rb2NaIrF6 strongly absorbs light in the ultraviolet region, which is desirable for ultraviolet-photosensitive materials in optoelectronic devices. The computed thermoelectric figure of merit of the Rb2NaIrF6 compound is 0.81 at 1000 K, suggesting high thermoelectric efficiency. These findings demonstrate the potential of Rb2NaIrF6 lead-free double perovskite compound for optoelectronic and thermoelectric applications. Therefore, our investigation offers theoretical insights that can lead to the experimental synthesis and study of Rb2NaIrF6 lead-free double perovskites.
Modeling the implications of seasonality and heterogeneous mean worm burden in Guinea-worm disease dynamics in dog population.
(Nonlinear Science, 2025-05-09) Lusekelo ,Eva; Daudi ,Salamida; Helikumi , Mlyashimbi; Mushayabasa, Steady
Prior to 2012, it was believed that only humans could host Guinea-worm disease. Recent findings show that dogs also act as hosts. With the 2030 goal for eradicating Guinea-worm approaching, understanding dogs’ roles is crucial. We develop a mathematical model to study seasonal Guinea-worm disease, focusing on dogs as primary hosts, given the low human cases. Our model includes seasonal variations, as previous studies indicate that disease prevalence is linked to seasonal fisheries. We also categorize infectious dogs based on their average worm burden. Our analysis examines how dog screening and tethering influence disease dynamics. Results indicate that both strategies can lower disease transmission. However, they may not be enough for total eradication on their own. Therefore, we suggest combining these methods with additional actions, like dog culling, to improve disease control.
Thermal and Entropic Analysis of Viscous Fluid Flow in a Porous Channel With Convective Heat Transfer and Magnetic Field Aspects
(Wiley, 2025-12-27) Kigodi Odeli J.; Masasila Nyanga H.; Faisa Muhammad; Badruddin Irfan Anjum.; Abdel Ahmed Said.; Zedan Hafez.; Chacha Chacha,S
This study examines the thermal and entropy generation characteristics of viscous fluid flow through a porous channel under convective cooling and magnetic field effects. The flow is modeled using the steady state momentum and energy equations and solved numerically via a finite difference scheme. Parametric variations in Darcy number ( Da), magnetic parameter ( M ), pressure gradient ( A ), Biot number ( Bi ), Prandtl number ( Pr), Eckert number ( Ec), and internal heat generation ( Q ) are analyzed. Results show that increasing M from 0 to 20 reduces entropy generation by approximately 18%, while raising Bi from 0 to 0.6 decreases entropy by about 12%. Higher Da and Q promote thermal buildup but increase irreversibility, whereas stronger M and Bi stabilize flow, lower temperatures, and improve thermodynamic efficiency. The Nusselt number increases with Bi and Ec, enhancing heat transfer, while skin friction decreases with stronger magnetic fields. These findings provide practical guidance for selecting permeability, magnetic field strength, and surface heat transfer characteristics to optimize energy efficiency and thermal performance in porous channel thermal systems and magnetohydrodynamic applications.

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